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Table 8 Certainty in evidence (GRADE) for digital interventions

From: Which interventions for alcohol use should be included in a universal healthcare benefit package? An umbrella review of targeted interventions to address harmful drinking and dependence

  

e-interventions

Personalised digital interventions

Hazardous/ harmful use

AUD

Students and young adults

Military and veterans

Women, child-bearing age

Cancer survivors

Risk of bias

Meta-analyses (AMSTAR)

Low

Very low

Very low

Very low

Very low

Moderate

Very low

RCTs

High

High

Moderate

Moderate

Moderate

High

High

Inconsistency

Meta-analyses

Inconsistent

Inconsistent

Consistent

NA (single study)

NA (single study)

NA (single study)

Consistent

Heterogeneity of RCTs

Moderate

Moderate

Moderate

Very high

NR

Very low

Moderate

Indirectness

Applicable

Applicable

Applicable

US

May include low risk

May include low risk

Applicable

Imprecision

Confidence interval

Wide

Wide

Small

Moderate

Small

Moderate

Small

Sample size

Thousands

Thousands

Thousands

Thousands

Thousands

Hundreds

Thousands

Small study effect (number of studies)

Yes (3), No (1)

No (2)

Yes (2), No (1), NR (3)

NR

No (1)

NR

Yes (1), No (1), NR (1)

Other

NA

NA

NA

Long-term

NA

NA

NA

Overall

Very low

Very low

Very low

Very low

Very low

Very low

Very low