Table 4 Certainty in evidence (GRADE) for screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT)
| Â | Â | Hazardous/harmful alcohol use | AUD | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Screening and brief intervention | Brief motivational interviewing | Brief counselling | Social norms | Brief intervention (BI) | BI with another intervention | ||
Risk of bias | Meta-analyses (AMSTAR) | Low | Very low | Very low | Moderate | Very low | Low |
RCTs | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | NR | NR | |
Inconsistency | Meta-analyses | Inconsistent (but most showed a significant effect) | Very inconsistent | Mostly consistent | Consistent | Consistent | NA (single study) |
Heterogeneity of RCTs | Very high | Very high | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | High | |
Indirectness | Applicable | 1/3 studies on young people | 1/3 studies on non-physicians | Students only | No consumption outcomes | Applicable | |
Imprecision | Confidence interval | Variable | Variable | Small | Small | Very wide | Very wide |
Sample size | Thousands | Thousands | Thousands | Thousands | Thousands | Thousands for NMA | |
Small study effect (number of studies) | Yes (2), No (1), NR (7) | No (1), NR (2) | Yes (1), No (1), NR (1) | Yes (2) | Yes (2) | Yes (1) | |
Other | Small effect size, long timeframe | NA | NA | Shorter timeframe | NA | NA | |
Overall | Low | Very low | Very low | Very low | Very low | Very low | |