Skip to main content

Table 10 Certainty in evidence (GRADE) for pharmacological interventions

From: Which interventions for alcohol use should be included in a universal healthcare benefit package? An umbrella review of targeted interventions to address harmful drinking and dependence

  

Anticonvulsants

Antidepressants

Antipsychotics

Disulfiram

Baclofen

Acamprosate

Nalmefene

Naltrexone

Risk of bias

Meta-analyses (AMSTAR)

Low

Low

Very low

Very low

Low

Very low

Moderate

Low

RCTs

Low

Low

Low

Low

Low

Moderate

Moderate

Low

Inconsistency

Meta-analyses

Consistent

Consistent

Consistent

Inconsistent

Inconsistent

Consistent

Consistent (overlap in RCTs)

Very inconsistent

Heterogeneity of RCTs

High

Low

High

High

Moderate

High

Low

Moderate

Indirectness

Applicable

Applicable

Applicable

Applicable

Applicable

Applicable

Applicable

Applicable

Imprecision

Confidence interval

Moderate

Wide

Very wide

Wide

Wide

Moderate

Small

Wide

Sample size

Thousands

Less than 100

Hundreds

Thousands

Hundreds

Thousands

Hundreds

Thousands

Small study effect (number of studies)

Yes (1 topiramate), No (1), NR (3)

Yes (1), No (1), NR (2)

No (1), NR (2)

No (1), Yes (1), NR (3)

No (3), Yes (2), NR (2)

Yes (2), No (3), NR (5)

Yes (1), NR (1)

Yes (2), No (1), NR (5)

Other

NA

Effect only in studies with publication bias

Only quetiapine has large effect size

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Overall

Very low

Very low

Very low

Very low

Very low

Low

Low

Very low