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Table 1 Avoiders versus non avoiders: Characteristics

From: Receiving or not deemed necessary healthcare services

 

Avoider (n = 730)

Non-Avoider (n = 27,244)

\({\chi }^{2}\)value, p value

 

n (%)

n (%)

  

Gender

  

\({\chi }^{2}\)(1) = 52.61, p < 0.001

Male

240(32.88%)

12,651 (46.44%)

 

Female

490 (67.12%)

14,593 (53.56%)

 

Age

  

\({\chi }^{2}\) (6) = 63.67, p < 0.001

15–24

71 (9.73%)

5036 (18.48%)

\({\chi }^{2}\)(1) = 36.548, p < 0.001

25–34

119 (16.3%)

5471 (20.08%)

\({\chi }^{2}\) (1) = 6.353, p = 0.012

35–44

158 (21.64%)

5377 (19.74%)

\({\chi }^{2}\) (1) = 1.629, p = 0.202

45–54

153 (20.96%)

4760 (17.47%)

\({\chi }^{2}\) (1) = 5.971, p = 0.015

55–64

98 (13.42%)

3353 (12.31%)

\({\chi }^{2}\) (1) = 0.821, p = 0.365

65–74

79 (10.82%)

2029 (7.45%)

\({\chi }^{2}\) (1) = 11.618,p = 0.001

75+

52 (7.12%)

1218 (4.47%)

\({\chi }^{2}\) (1) = 11.543,p = 0.001

Location

  

\({\chi }^{2}\) (1) = 31.127,p < 0.001

Urban

472 (64.66%)

20,127 (73.88%)

 

Rural

258 (35.34%)

7117 (26.12%)

 

Marital status

  

\({\chi }^{2}\) (3) = 83.298,p < 0.001

Single

81 (11.1%)

6307 (23.15%)

\({\chi }^{2}\) (1) = 58.625,p < 0.001

Married

540 (73.97%)

18,624 (68.36%)

\({\chi }^{2}\) (1) = 10.38, p = 0.001

Widow

84 (11.51%)

1718 (6.31%)

\({\chi }^{2}\) (1) = 31.909,p < 0.001

Divorced

25 (3.42%)

595 (2.18%)

\({\chi }^{2}\) (1) = 5.05, p = 0.025

Education

 

\({\chi }^{2}\) (4) = 77.278,p < 0.001

Illiterate

135 (18.49%)

2750 (10.09%)

\({\chi }^{2}\) (1) = 54.224,p < 0.001

Primary school

416 (56.99%)

14,699 (53.95%)

\({\chi }^{2}\) (1) = 2.633, p = 0.105

Elementary school

37 (5.07%)

1643 (6.03%)

\({\chi }^{2}\) (1) = 1.166, p = 0.280

High school

86 (11.78%)

4841 (17.77%)

\({\chi }^{2}\) (1) = 17.569,p < 0.001

University and higher degree

56 (7.67%)

3311 (12.15%)

\({\chi }^{2}\) (1) = 16.015 p < 0.001

Estimated household monthly income

\({\chi }^{2}\) (3) = 74.162,p < 0.001

Less or equal to 750 TLǂ

242 (33.8%)

5679 (21.08%)

\({\chi }^{2}\) (1) = 64.521,p < 0.001

751 TL to 1300TL

218 (30.45%)

8383 (31.12%)

\({\chi }^{2}\)1) = 0.275, p = 0.600

1301 TL to 2300TL

161 (22.49%)

7933 (29.45%)

\({\chi }^{2}\) (1) = 17.251,p < 0.001

Greater than 2300TL

95 (13.27%)

4939 (18.34%)

\({\chi }^{2}\) (1) = 12.605,p < 0.001

Working statue

 

\({\chi }^{2}\) (5) = 96.88, p < 0.001

Works

235 (32.19%)

10,188 (37.40%)

\({\chi }^{2}\) (1) = 8.235, p = 0.004

Looking for a job or seasonal worker

33 (4.52%)

1028 (3.77%)

\({\chi }^{2}\) (1) = 1.088, p = 0.297

Student

28 (3.84%)

2797 (10.27%)

\({\chi }^{2}\) (1) = 32.385,p < 0.001

Occupied with house duties

288 (39.45%)

8682 (31.87%)

\({\chi }^{2}\) (1) = 18.774,p < 0.001

Retired

61 (8.36%)

3011 (11.05%)

\({\chi }^{2}\) (1) = 5.285, p = 0.022

Other

85 (11.64%)

1538 (5.65%)

\({\chi }^{2}\) (1) = 46.809,p < 0.001

Heath insurance statue

 

\({\chi }^{2}\) (3) = 79.408,p < 0.001

SSI*

533 (73.01%)

22,802 (83.7%)

\({\chi }^{2}\) (1) = 58.641,p < 0.001

Green card**

122 (16.71%)

2385 (8.75%)

\({\chi }^{2}\) (1) = 55.187,p < 0.001

Private insurance

20 (2.74%)

916 (3.36%)

\({\chi }^{2}\) (1) = 0.852, p = 0.356

Out of pocket

55 (7.53%)

1141 (4.19%)

\({\chi }^{2}\) (1) = 19.451,p < 0.001

Perceived health

 

\({\chi }^{2}\) (4) = 617.25,p < 0.001

Very good

24 (3.29%)

3550 (13.03%)

\({\chi }^{2}\) (1) = 60.557,p < 0.001

Good

209 (28.63%)

15,301 (56.17%)

\({\chi }^{2}\) (1) = 218.16,p < 0.001

Fair

303 (41.51%)

6377 (23.41%)

\({\chi }^{2}\) (1) = 128.13,p < 0.001

Bad

156 (21.37%)

1786 (6.56%)

\({\chi }^{2}\) (1) = 241.52,p < 0.001

Very bad

38 (5.21%)

255 (0.83%)

\({\chi }^{2}\) (1) = 146.42,p < 0.001

Have a health problem more than 6 months

\({\chi }^{2}\) (1) = 289.08,p < 0.001

Yes

481 (65.98%)

9619 (35.33%)

 

No

248 (34.02%)

17,608 (64.67%)

 

Health problem restricts daily life

\({\chi }^{2}\) (2) = 624.89,p < 0.001

Seriously

257 (35.25%)

2673 (9.84%)

\({\chi }^{2}\) (1) = 446.24,p < 0.001

Not seriously

237 (32.51%)

5664 (20.85%)

\({\chi }^{2}\) (1) = 58.23, p < 0.001

Not restricted at all

235 (32.24%)

18.827 (69.31%)

\({\chi }^{2}\)(1) = 448.93,p < 0.001

Feel pain or discomfort in last four weeks

\({\chi }^{2}\) (1) = 535.76,p < 0.001

Feel

402 (55.14%)

5412 (19.88%)

 

Not Feel

327 (44.86%)

21,806 (80.12%)

 

Feel happy in last four weeks

 

\({\chi }^{2}\) (4) = 277.70,p < 0.001

Always

74 (10.21%)

3718 (13.76%)

\({\chi }^{2}\) (1) = 7.475, p = 0.006

Most of the times

198 (27.31%)

12,146 (44.94%)

\({\chi }^{2}\) (1) = 87.90, p < 0.001

Sometimes

295 (40.69%)

9214 (34.09%)

\({\chi }^{2}\) (1) = 13.763,p < 0.001

Rarely

116 (16.00%)

1578 (5.84%)

\({\chi }^{2}\) (1) = 127.44,p < 0.001

Never

42 (5.79%)

369 (1.37%)

\({\chi }^{2}\) (1) = 95.036,p < 0.001

Number of persons to trust

 

\({\chi }^{2}\) (1) = 20.955,p < 0.001

Less or equal to 1

197 (26.99%)

5472 (20.09%)

 

Greater or equal to 2

533 (73.01%)

21,772 (79.91%)

 

Obese

  

\({\chi }^{2}\) (1) = 21.268,p < 0.001

Yes

180(24.66%)

4901(17.99%)

 

No

550(75.34%)

22,343(82.01%)

 

BMI***

28.617 (43.92)

27.718 (34.34)

t-test = 0.693,p = 0.4886

Non-prescription medications in last two weeks

\({\chi }^{2}\) (1) = 88.257,p < 0.001

Yes

158 (21.64%)

2901 (10.65%)

 

No

572 (78.36%)

24,343 (89.35%)

 

Having any-chronic disease

\({\chi }^{2}\)(1) = 268.61, p < 0.001

Yes

568 (80.27%)

13,497(50.46%)

 

No

144(19.73%)

13,747 (50.54%)

 

Hypertension

 

\({\chi }^{2}\) (1) = 50.092,p < 0.001

Yes

182 (24.93%)

4171 (15.31%)

 

No

548 (75.07%)

23,073 (84.69%)

 

Back musculoskeletal system disorders

 

\({\chi }^{2}\) (1) = 360.38,p < 0.001

Yes

272 (37.26%)

3515 (12.9%)

 

No

458 (62.74%)

23,729 (87.1%)

 

Rheumatismal joint disease

\({\chi }^{2}\) (1) = 243.95,p < 0.001

Yes

197 (26.99%)

2777 (9.93%)

 

No

533 (73.01%)

25,197 (90.07%)

 

Gastric ulcer

 

\({\chi }^{2}\) (1) = 203.78,p < 0.001

Yes

165 (22.6%)

2144 (7.87%)

 

No

565 (77.4%)

25,100 (92.13%)

 

Diabetes

 

\({\chi }^{2}\) (1) = 16.74,p < 0.001

Yes

87 (11.92%)

2120 (7.78%)

 

No

643 (88.08%)

25,124 (92.22%)

 

Cancer

  

\({\chi }^{2}\)1) = 6.173, p = 0.013

Yes

11 (1.51%)

194 (0.71%)

  

No

719 (98.5%)

27,050 (99.29%)

 

Having mental health problems

 

\({\chi }^{2}\) (1) = 164.75,p < 0.001

Yes

102 (13.97%)

1123(4.12%)

 

No

628 (86.03%)

26,121 (95.882%)

 
  1. ǂTL: Turkish Lira, *SSI : Social Security Institute, **Green Card a security scheme aim to cover the poor individuals to receive health services, ***Body Mass Index. If BMI < 18.5 underweight, 18.5 ≤ BMI ≤ 24.9 normal,25 ≤ BMI ≤ 29.9 overweight and BMI ≥ 30 obesity