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Table 4 Bivariate analysis of Malaria and socio-economic and demographic characteristics of the study population

From: “A comparative analysis of risk factors of malaria” case study Gisagara and Bugesera District of Rwanda. RDHS 2014/2015. A retrospective study

Results of Malaria tests in percentage

  

Gisagara (N = 387)

Bugesera (N = 354)

Variables

 

Positives

N = 39

Negatives

 N = 348

P-Value

Positives

 N = 45

Negatives

 N = 309

P-Value

Sex

Male

64.10(25)

68.39(238)

0.586

88.89 (40)

81.55(252)

0.226

 

Female

35.90 (14)

31.61(110)

 

11.11 (5)

18.45 (57)

 
 

< 20

2.56 (1)

0.57 (2)

 

0.00 (0)

0.00 (0)

 

Age (in years)

21–40

28.21 (11)

46.26(161)

0.128

64.44 (29)

68.28(211)

0.073

 

41–60

58.97(23)

46.26 (161)

 

24.44 (11)

28.16 (87)

 
 

61–80

10.26(4)

5.75 (20)

 

11.11 (5)

3.56 (11)

 
 

> 80

0.00 (0)

1.15 (4)

 

0.00 (0)

0.00(0)

 
 

no education, preschool

56.41 (22)

47.13 (164)

 

62.22 (28)

44.66 (138)

 

Education

Primary

35.90(14)

45.98(160)

0.661

33.33 (15)

41.10 (127)

0.105

 

Secondary

7.69 (3)

6.61(23)

 

4.44(2)

13.27 (41)

 
 

Higher

0.00(0)

0.29(1)

 

0.00 (0)

0.97(3)

 
 

Never Married

72.22 (13)

37.79 (82)

 

47.06 (8)

28.27(54)

 

Marital Status

Married

5.56 (1)

36.87(80)

 

23.53 (4)

35.60 (68)

 
 

Living together

16.67 (3)

14.29 (31)

 

29.41(5)

24.61 (47)

 
 

Widowed

0.00 (0)

4.15 (9)

0.062

0.00 (0)

5.24(10)

0.466

 

Divorced

0.00 (0)

0.46 (1)

 

0.00 (0)

2.62 (5)

 
 

Not living together

5.56(1)

6.45 (14)

 

0.00 (0)

3.66 (7)

 
 

Poorest

74.36 (29)

51.44 (179)

 

28.89 (13)

14.24 (44)

 

Weath Index

Poorer

15.38(6)

21.26 (74)

 

15.56 (7)

16.83 (52)

 
 

Middle

0.00 (0)

10.63 (37)

0.058

26.67 (12)

25.24 (78)

0.112

 

Richer

5.13 (2)

9.48 (33)

 

17.78 (8)

24.27 (75)

 
 

Richest

5.13 (2)

7.18(25)

 

11.11 (5)

19.42 (60)

 
 

In the house

66.67 (26)

62.07 (216)

 

13.33 (6)

8.41 (26)

 

Cooking areas

In separate building

28.21 (11)

31.90 (111)

0.853

60.00 (27)

71.20 (220)

0.288

 

Outdoors

5.13 (2)

6.03 (21)

 

26.67 (12)

20.39 (63)

 

House has separate room used as Kitchen

No

19.23 (5)

21.50 (46)

0.79

33.33(2)

42.31 (11)

0.687

 

Yes

80.77(21)

78.50(168)

 

66.67(4)

57.69 (15)

 

Owns land used for agriculture

No

33.33 (13)

27.01 (94)

0.403

31.11 (14)

32.04 (99)

0.901

 

Yes

66.67 (26)

72.99 (254)

 

68.89 (31)

67.96(210)

 

Agriculture land Size(in hectares)

0

42.86 (15)

38.26 (119)

 

40.00(18)

40.00 (120)

 
 

1-5

5.71(2)

13.83 (43)

 

20.00(9)

11.65 (36)

 
 

5-10

2.86 (1)

9.87 (31)

0.222

22.22 (1)

12.30 (38)

0.122

 

Above 10

48.57(17)

37.94 (118)

 

37.78(17)

37.22(115)

 

Owns livestock Herds or farm animals

No

71.79(28)

52.30 (182)

0.02**

33.33(15)

40.13 (124)

0.383

 

Yes

28.215 (11)

47.705(166)

 

66.67(30)

59.87 (185)

 

Having Bank Account

No

76.92 (30)

60.63 (211)

0.047**

51.11 (23)

44.66 (139)

0.417

 

Yes

23.08 (9)

39.37 (137)

 

48.89(22)

55.34 (171)