Table 3 Main Characteristics of the Included Studies in the Systematic Review
From: Physical activity and psychological adjustment among retirees: a systematic review
Authors and Year (Country) | Study Design (years of follow up) | Sample size (N) Age (Mean or range) Sex (Male%) | Exposure variables (measurement) | Outcome variables (measurement) | Main Results | Other finding |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bailey & McLaren 2005 [7] (Australia) | CS | 194 68 45% M | Physical activity 31-item Yale Physical Activity Survey | Mental health (Depression) Zung Depression Inventory | A significant negative correlation was reported between physical activity performed with others and depression | In the model framework, neither physical activity alone nor with others was able to predict depression or suicidal ideation. |
Bevil et al. 1994 [46] (USA) | CS | 32 65 to 86 Y 44% M | Leisure Activities Leisure Activities Inventory (LAI) (36-item) | Life satisfaction 18-item Life Satisfaction Index A (LSIA) | Doing more activities and more varied reason for leisure activities were associated with greater life satisfaction. | |
Brien 1981 [50] (Australia) | CS | 262 - 42% M | Leisure activities (A list of 93 activities was included) | Life satisfaction 10 bipolar items on a 7-point scale. | Regarding overall life satisfaction, the results showed that leisure characteristics were a poor predictor of life satisfaction. | Interaction and Number of leisure activities is directly associated with retirement activity satisfaction, but not with overall life satisfaction. |
Conde-Sala et al. 2017 [44] (Multiple) | CS | 33,241 74.7 43% M | Physical exercise (Frequency of physical exercise, participation in activities) | Quality of life 12 items originating in the CASP-19 | In all countries, physical activity and participation in activities were associated with better quality of life. | |
Earl et al. 2015 [14] (Australia) | CS | 243 66 48% M | Leisure activities (Activities included social, educational, light and vigorous exercises, chores and home entertainment) | Psychological wellbeing PANAS (Positive and Negative Affect Schedule) short form (Thompson, 2007) | Results showed that some activities but not all were related to better psychological wellbeing. While social activities were associated with higher positive affect, surprisingly light exercise was related to higher negative affect. | Participation in a wider range of activities was associated with higher positive emotions and lower negative emotions. |
Fly et al. 1981 [54] (USA) | CS | 400 70 50% M | Leisure activity (Converse and Robinson’s (1973) activities list) | Adjustment ladder scale on satisfaction and two questions about happiness and satisfaction | People with more leisure activities were more satisfied with their lives than people with few leisure activities. | |
Fry & ghosh 1980 [39] (India & USA) | CS | 80 India (50% M) 80 USA (56% M) 65 to 85 Y | Recreation (a single-item question) | Life satisfaction (a single-item question) | The results showed that recreational opportunities for Americans bring more life satisfaction than the Indians. | |
Henning et al. 2021 [26] (Sweden) | L (4 years) | 1033 64.26 53% M | Leisure activity engagement list of 27 activity (three categories: intellectual, social or physical) | Mental health (depression) 8-item short form CES-D scale | Level and change in intellectual, social or physical leisure activities with depressive symptoms were negatively associated, but the direction of effects was unclear | |
Iwatsubo et al. 1996 [41] (France) | L (2 years) | T1 = 627 (51% M) T2 = 464 (47% M) Mean = 63 | Leisure activities Three categories: physical, hobby & social activities | Life Satisfaction original version of 20 items Life Satisfaction Index A (LSIA) | Leisure activities at T1 and T2 were significantly related to the LSIA. | |
Krahe 2011 [49] (Australia) | CS | 116 50 to 91 Y 45% M | Leisure participation use of a 7-day time-use diary recording all activities | Life satisfaction (a single-item question) | The effect of leisure participation on life satisfaction and retirement satisfaction was not significant. | |
Kuvaja-Köllner et al. 2013 [8] (Finland) | CS | 1,410 55–74 Y 49% M | Physical exercise (duration, frequency and mean intensity of physical exercise during the previous 12 months) | Health-related quality of life (RAND-36) | A higher amount of exercise was associated with physical and mental components of quality of life | |
Lee & Hung 2011 [20] (Taiwan) | CS | 352 60 Y and above 46% M | Physical exercise Combined assessment of exercise intensity and frequency | Well-being General Well-Being (GWB) schedule - Dupuy | Exercise frequency was positively correlated with well-being, while exercise intensity was negatively correlated with well-being. | Low- to moderate-intensity exercise may be better for older adults’ psychological well-being. |
Morgan et al. 1991 [53] (England) | CS | 1042 507 aged 65–74; 535 aged 75+ 38% M | Physical activity customary physical activity assessment (CPA) | Psychological well-being - Life Satisfaction Index (LSIZ) - Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression (SAD) | Relationships of physical activity levels with psychological well-being were weak, indirect and gender-specific | |
Nimrod & Adoni 2006 [24] (Israel) | CS | 383 64.3 42% M | Leisure activities included a list of 41 activities | Life satisfaction Life Satisfaction Index (LSI) | Leisure participation and leisure satisfaction were associated with life satisfaction. | |
Nimrod & Shrira 2016 [45] (Multiple) | L (8 years) | 7875 71.21 54% M | Leisure activities (Questions about five activities performed in the last month) | Quality of life 12 items originating in the CASP-19 | Association between high levels of leisure involvement and quality of life increased with time. | |
Nimrod 2007 [23] (Israel) | CS | 383 64.3 42% M | Leisure activities a list of activities, and a scale of 11 degrees of participation frequency | Life satisfaction Life Satisfaction Index- ALSI | Leisure even more than many background factors, such as poor health, low income or absence of spouse, contribute to retirees’ life satisfaction. | |
Nimrod et al. 2008 [52] (Israel & USA) | CS | USA N = 430 66.2 30% M Israel N = 383 64.3 42% M | Leisure participation Israel (list of 41 activities) USA (The ACL dataset: three categories of leisure activity: informal, formal, and physical) | Subjective well-being Israel: Life Satisfaction Index (LSI) USA: life satisfaction (through a single item) and depressive symptoms (CES-D) scale | In the Israeli example, increasing the frequency of participation in physical activity was associated with life satisfaction. In the American example, changes in leisure activities had no relationship to life satisfaction. | |
Oakley & Pratt 1997 [47] (Scotland) | CS | 40 67 37% M | Leisure activity Nottingham Leisure Questionnaire | Life Satisfaction Life Satisfaction Index (LSIA) | A positive correlation was found in relationship between leisure activities and life satisfaction for all subjects. | |
Olds et al. 2018 [3] (Australia) | L (2 years) | 105 63.4 49% M | Physical activity Multimedia Activity Recall for Children and Adults (MARCA) | Mental health Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS21), Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (SWEMWBS) | In retirees, replacing work time with physical activity was associated with better mental health (improvement in depression, anxiety and stress). | |
Potocnik & Sonnentag 2013 [42] (Multiple) | L (2 years) | 2813 69.79 56% M | Participants in sport Engaging in multiple activities | Quality of life CASP-12 questionnaire | Going to sports or social clubs improves the quality of life for retirees over time. | |
Rakhshani et al. 2014 [15] (Iran) | CS | 500 60 Y and above 54% M | Health-promoting Profile Health-promoting Lifestyle Profile (HPLP II) | Quality of life (Short Form Health Survey questionnaire (SF-36)) | There was a positive relationship between Health-promoting Lifestyle and quality of life in retired older adults. | Physical activity was one of the important predictors of quality of life in retired older adults. |
Read et al. 2013 [40] (Australia) | CS | 123 80 42% M | Meaningful leisure activity The meaningful leisure activities questionnaire (MLAQ) | Quality of life (Australian WHOQoL-BREF) | There was a positive and significant relationship between significant leisure and quality of life in retirees. | |
Reddick & stewart 1994 [48] (USA) | CS | 618 73 100% F | Leisure activity participation assessed by responses to four questions | Life satisfaction 18-item Life Satisfaction Index Z (LSIZ) | The strongest predictor of life satisfaction in retirees was leisure activity participation and leisure repertoire planning | |
Russell 1987 [51] (India) | CS | 210 - 37% M | Recreation activity Modified version of McKechnie’s (1975) Leisure Activities Blank (LAB). | Life satisfaction Shortened version of Neulinger’s (1986) questionnaire, “A Self-Exploration: What Am I Doing: (WAID) | There was no positive correlation between the frequency of participation in recreational activities and life satisfaction in retirement. | Satisfaction with recreation activities was positively related to life satisfaction in retirement. |
Sener et al. 2007 [27] (Turkey) | CS | 231 65.73 100% M | Leisure activities ‘Leisure Activities Index’ | Life Satisfaction Life Satisfaction Index (LSI) | The strongest predictor of life satisfaction in retirees was frequency of participation in leisure activities. | |
Walsh et al. 2019 [9] (USA) | CS | 373 71 51% M | Sport participation Leisure Attitude Scale | Well-being retirement adjustment and retirement satisfaction scales | This study demonstrated the ongoing value of sports participation in retirement to increase adjustment and satisfaction. |