Table 1 Characteristics of study respondents, 2008–2020
Characteristics | 2008 (N = 25,939) | 2013 (N = 22,138) | 2020 (N = 19,177) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | ||
Gender | Â | Â | Â | 0.232 |
 Male | 12,600 (48.6%) | 10,748 (48.6%) | 9453 (49.3%) |  |
 Female | 13,339 (51.4%) | 11,390 (51.4%) | 9724 (50.7%) |  |
Ethnic group | Â | Â | Â | 0.317 |
 Han Chinese | 25,464 (98.2%) | 21,753 (98.3%) | 18,862 (98.4%) |  |
 Others | 475 (1.8%) | 385 (1.7%) | 315 (1.6%) |  |
Age (Mean, [SD]) | 49.2 (17.1) | 51.7 (16.8) | 55.2 (16.2) | < 0.001 |
Age group (years) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 18–29 | 4329 (16.7%) | 3003 (13.6%) | 1655 (8.6%) |  |
 30–39 | 3399 (13.1%) | 2695 (12.2%) | 2319 (12.1%) |  |
 40–49 | 4864 (18.8%) | 3460 (15.6%) | 2317 (12.1%) |  |
 50–59 | 6011 (23.2%) | 4976 (22.5%) | 3615 (18.9%) |  |
 60–69 | 3747 (14.4%) | 4884 (22.1%) | 5830 (30.4%) |  |
  ≥ 70 | 3589 (13.8%) | 3120 (14.1%) | 3441 (17.9%) |  |
Commercial medical insurance |  |  | < 0.001 | |
 Yes | 1240 (4.8%) | 964 (4.4%) | 1918 (10.0%) |  |
 No | 24,699 (95.2%) | 21,174 (95.6%) | 17,259 (90.0%) |  |
Recipients of medical assistance |  |  | < 0.001 | |
 Yes | 305 (1.2%) | 209 (0.9%) | 391 (2.0%) |  |
 No | 25,634 (98.8%) | 21,929 (99.1%) | 18,786 (98.0%) |  |
Marital status |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Unmarried | 3386 (13.1%) | 2257 (10.2%) | 1736 (9.1%) |  |
 Married | 20,311 (78.3%) | 17,990 (81.3%) | 15,833 (82.6%) |  |
 Widowed | 1970 (7.6%) | 1617 (7.3%) | 1285 (6.7%) |  |
 Divorced | 272 (1.0%) | 274 (1.2%) | 323 (1.7%) |  |
Education |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Primary or below | 7792 (30.0%) | 5510 (24.9%) | 4385 (22.9%) |  |
 Junior high school | 9719 (37.5%) | 8587 (38.8%) | 7365 (38.4%) |  |
 Senior high school | 5309 (20.5%) | 4584 (20.7%) | 3923 (20.5%) |  |
 College or above | 3119 (12.0%) | 3457 (15.6%) | 3504 (18.3%) |  |
Employment status |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Employed | 12,473 (48.1%) | 10,973 (49.6%) | 7035 (36.7%) |  |
 Retired | 6161 (23.8%) | 5995 (27.1%) | 6279 (32.7%) |  |
 Student | 1024 (3.9%) | 514 (2.3%) | 429 (2.2%) |  |
 Unemployed | 6281 (24.2%) | 4656 (21.0%) | 5434 (28.3%) |  |
Hypertension |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Yes | 4653 (17.9%) | 5581 (25.2%) | 6806 (35.5%) |  |
 No | 21,286 (82.1%) | 16,557 (74.8%) | 12,371 (64.5%) |  |
Diabetes |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Yes | 1096 (4.2%) | 1785 (8.1%) | 2586 (13.5%) |  |
 No | 24,843 (95.8%) | 20,353 (91.9%) | 16,591 (86.5%) |  |
Other chronic diseases |  |  | < 0.001 | |
 Yes | 3945 (15.2%) | 2345 (10.6%) | 1082 (5.6%) |  |
 No | 21,994 (84.8%) | 19,793 (89.4%) | 18,095 (94.4%) |  |
Number of illnesses in 2 weeks |  |  | < 0.001 | |
 0 | 24,570 (94.7%) | 20,163 (91.1%) | 17,523 (91.4%) |  |
 1 | 901 (3.5%) | 1761 (8.0%) | 1377 (7.2%) |  |
 2 or more | 468 (1.8%) | 214 (1.0%) | 277 (1.4%) |  |
Hospitalizations in 12 months |  |  | < 0.001 | |
 Yes | 1246 (4.8%) | 1173 (5.3%) | 733 (3.8%) |  |
 No | 24,693 (95.2%) | 20,965 (94.7%) | 18,444 (96.2%) |  |