Table 4 Summary of finding about antimicrobial stewardship implementation before and during the COVID-19 pandemic
Study | Antimicrobial Stewardship (AMS) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AMS Strategies | |||||||||||
AMS Core Strategies | AMS Supplemental Strategies | ||||||||||
Before-the-pandemic | During-the-pandemic | Multidisciplinary stewardship team | Formulary restrictions and preauthorization | Antibiotic Review | Prospective Audit and Feedback | Streamlining/timely de-escalation of therapy | Dose Optimisation | Parenteral to oral conversion | Guidelines and Clinical Pathways | Antibiotic Order Form | |
Trivedi (2013) [19] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
Kallen (2017) [20] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
Tamma (2021) [21] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
Surat (2021) [22] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
Weston (2012) [23] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
Mehta (2014) [24] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
Moriyama (2021) [25] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
Thakkar (2021) [26] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
Panditrao (2021) [27] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
Ababneh (2020) [28] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
Spernovasilis (2021) [29] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
Ashiru-Oredope (2021) [30] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
Williams (2021) [31] | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||
Study | Antimicrobial Stewardship (AMS) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AMS Measure | ||||||||||
AMS Education | Computerized decision support, surveillance | Laboratory surveillance and feedback | Defined Daily Dose (DDD) | Days of Therapy (DOT) | Length of Stay (LOS) | Cost | Clostridioides Difficile Infection (CDI) | Procalcitonin (PCT) | Indicators or Quality Improvement Projects | |
Trivedi (2013) [19] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
Kallen (2017) [20] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
Tamma (2021) [21] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
Surat (2021) [22] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
Weston (2012) [23] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
Mehta (2014) [24] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
Moriyama (2021) [25] | ✓ | |||||||||
Thakkar (2021) [26] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
Panditrao (2021) [27] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
Ababneh (2020) [28] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||
Spernovasilis (2021) [29] | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||
Ashiru-Oredope (2021) [30] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
Williams (2021) [31] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||