Table 1 Prevalence of informal payments for health services among Iranian households, 2016–18

Total

91,204 (100)

7339 (7.9)

83,865 (92.1)

Sex of head of household

Male

79,020 (86.96)

6545 (8.12)

72,475 (91.88)

Female

12,184(13.04)

794(6,57)

11,390(93.43)

Age of head of household (years)

 ≤ 35

16,037(17.07)

1173(7.25)

14,864(92.75)

36–50

31,269(34.7)

2297(7.29)

28,972(92.71)

51–65

25,807(29.45)

2124(7.98)

23,683(92.02)

 > 65

18,091(18.78)

1745(9.58)

16,346(90.42)

Education level of head of household

Illiterate

23,574(19.18)

2080(8.63)

21,494(91.37)

Non-academic

54,783(62.88)

4201(7.74)

50,582(92.26)

Academic

12,847(17.94)

1058(7.8)

11,789(92.2)

Employment of head of household

Employed

60,885(64.12)

4721(7.6)

56,164(92.4)

Unemployed

30,319(35.88)

2618(8.48)

27,701(91.52)

Place of residence

Rural

45,267(45.42)

3398(5.42)

42,539(94.58)

Urban

45,937(54.58)

3941(10)

41,326(90)

Income quintiles

1^st

15,996(13.91)

717(3.94)

15,279(96.06)

2^nd

17,695(17.31)

1197(6.35)

16,498(93.65)

3^rd

18,524(19.42)

1436(6.93)

17,088(93.07)

4^th

19,047(21.27)

1761(8.65)

17,286(91.35)

5^th

19,942(28.09)

2228(10.98)

17,714(89.02)

Having < 12 years old member in household

Yes

40,657(42.35)

3198(7.7)

37,459(92.3)

No

50,547(57.65)

4141(8.07)

46,406(91.93)

Having > 65 years old member in household

Yes

22,285(23.10)

2198(9.87)

20,087(90.13)

No

68,919(76.9)

5141(7.33)

63,778(92.67)

Having a member with the special disease in household

Yes

1378(1.75)

208(15.48)

1179(84.52)

No

89,817(98.25)

7131(7.78)

82,686(92.22)

Health insurance coverage

Yes

74,064(75.3)

5778(7.5)

68,286(92.5)

No

17,140(24.7)

1561(9.1)

15,579(90.9)

Year of survey

2016

26,271(28.69)

3109(11.62)

23,162(88.38)

2017

26,083(29.41)

2444(9.9)

23,639(90.1)

2018

38,850(41.90)

1786(4)

37,064(64)