“Before I was like a Tarzan. But now, I take a pause”: mixed methods feasibility study of the Naungan Kasih parenting program to prevent violence against children in Malaysia

Table 7 Results comparing secondary outcomes at baseline and post-test based on child-report

Outcomes	N	Baseline		Post-test		β	P value	IRR^a	95% lower CI	95% upper CI
Outcomes	N	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	β	P value	IRR^a	95% lower CI	95% upper CI
Positive parenting^b	26	35.08	9.73	35.50	9.25	-0.04	0.980	–-	-0.03	3.31
Harsh parenting^b	26	16.68	5.90	17.33	5.21	0.20	0.860	–-	-3.40	2.37
Positive discipline^b	26	3.28	1.59	3.17	1.46	-0.17	0.601	–-	-1.97	0.45
Child total behavior problems^c	26	17.80	9.73	19.75	10.70	1.16	0.426	–-	-0.78	3.97
Corporal punishment^b	26	0.28	0.46	0.21	0.41	-0.29	0.614	0.74	0.23	2.34

^a IRR only conducted for outcomes assessed using multilevel Poisson regressions. All other outcomes assessed using multilevel linear regressions
^b Alabama Parenting Questionnaire
^c Child Behavior Checklist

ISSN: 1471-2458