Table 1 Potential confounders tested in the models

Race/ethnicity

Education

Fraction Black

Fraction Incomplete school

Fraction White

Poverty and Wealth

Fraction Hispanic

Fraction unhoused

Fraction American Indian

Fraction with a severe housing burden (more than 50% of monthly income spent on housing)

Fraction Asian

Fraction with one of four housing problems: overcrowding, high costs, lack of kitchen, lack of plumbing

Fraction Pacific Islander

Food-environment index

Transportation

Income inequality (ratio of 80th percentile to 20th percentile)

Fraction who walks to work

Fraction unemployment

Fraction who takes public transportation to work

Fraction median income

Fraction who takes a bicycle or motorcycle to work

Fraction in poverty

Fraction who drives a car to work

Median home value

Fraction average time to work

Demographics

Traffic volume

Population density

Age

Fraction over 65

Median age

Occupation

Fraction in a service occupation

Fraction in a manual occupation

Fraction working in a mining or agricultural occupation

Fraction working in a construction occupation

Fraction working in a utilities occupation

Health

Fraction in poor health

Fraction obese

Fraction with diabetes

Fraction reporting inactivity (no leisure time physical activity in the past month)

Fraction smoking

Access to Healthcare

Fraction uninsured

Fraction population receiving health care

Fraction hospitals per county

Fraction hospital beds available