Associations between adolescents’ energy drink consumption frequency and several negative health indicators

BMC Public Health

Table 3 Health-compromising behaviors by energy drink consumption: adjusted odds ratios (aOR), 95% confidence intervals (CI), and corresponding relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI)^a

		Inadequate tooth brushing^b	Skipping breakfast^b	Low physical activity^c	Short sleep^d	Problematic social media use^b	Current smoking^e	Alcohol consumption^f	Drunkenness^b	Current snus use^b	Cannabis use^b
Energy drinks
No consumption		1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Infrequent consumption	aOR 95% CI P-value	1.22 [0.94–1.58] 0.139	1.24 [0.89–1.72] 0.196	0.70 [0.50–0.99] 0.045	1.62 [1.24–2.12] < 0.001	2.23 [1.40–3.56] 0.001	3.15 [1.56–6.37] 0.002	2.28 [1.63–3.18] < 0.001	1.39 [0.85–2.28] 0.187	2.63 [1.27–5.43] 0.009	2.59 [1.22–5.49] 0.014
	RR 95% CI	1.15	1.20	0.73	1.49	2.07	3.03	1.97	1.33	2.51	2.48
		[0.96–1.36]	[0.91–1.55]	[0.54–0.99]	[1.20–1.83]	[1.37–3.08]	[1.54–5.78]	[1.51–2.51]	[0.87–1.97]	[1.26–4.79]	[1.21–4.86]
Frequent consumption	aOR 95% CI P-value	1.44 [1.07–1.94] 0.016	2.22 [1.66–2.99] < 0.001	0.83 [0.55–1.26] 0.373	2.60 [1.91–3.54] < 0.001	2.81 [1.76–4.51] < 0.001	11.89 [6.25–22.59] < 0.001	4.34 [3.14–5.99] < 0.001	1.74 [1.13–2.70] 0.013	3.94 [1.85–8.37] < 0.001	3.68 [1.73–7.80] 0.001
	RR 95% CI	1.28	1.87	0.85	2.12	2.53	9.85	3.08	1.59	3.62	3.42
		[1.05–1.54]	[1.51–2.29]	[0.59–1.21]	[1.69–2.60]	[1.68–3.72]	[5.68–16.02]	[2.49–3.71]	[1.11–2.23]	[1.80–6.85]	[1.69–6.52]
Infrequent vs. Frequent^g	P-value	0.562	0.003	0.803	0.005	0.408	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.642	0.456	0.619

Interaction was found in the models for short sleep and alcohol consumption: adjusted effect presented. The interaction effect is presented in the Additional file 3: Table S7
^aRelative risks and their confidence intervals were derived from adjusted odds ratios
^bModels were adjusted for age, gender, family affluence, short sleep, low physical activity, current smoking, alcohol consumption, and multiple health complaints
^cModel was adjusted for age, gender, family affluence, short sleep, current smoking, alcohol consumption, and multiple health complaints
^dModel was adjusted for age, gender, family affluence, low physical activity, current smoking, alcohol consumption, and multiple health complaints
^eModel was adjusted for age, gender, family affluence, short sleep, low physical activity, alcohol consumption, and multiple health complaints
^fModel was adjusted for age, gender, family affluence, short sleep, low physical activity, current smoking, and multiple health complaints
^gTested with pairwise multiple comparisons

ISSN: 1471-2458