Table 1 Characteristics of included studies
Study ID | Country | Study design | Study quality | Duration | Population age (years) | Sample size (females) | PHE | Outcome | Mechanisms underlying the effect of PHE on outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rashid and Michaud [36] | Bangladesh | Qualitative design using face-to-face in-depth interviews and informal discussions | Some concerns | 1998 | 15–19 | 9 | Flood | Sexual and reproductive health (privacy to bathe, use latrine, and maintain good menstrual hygiene) | Limited access to health services Disruption of social network Sharing a private space, like toilets and bathrooms, with men |
Zulaika et al. [37] | Kenya | Panel data self-administered survey | High | May 2018 – March 2021 | 13–17 | 910 | COVID-19 | Sexual and reproductive health (pregnancy and sexual debut) | Closure of schools Disruption in schooling due to lockdown Reduction in household income |
Temple et al. [38] | The United States | Cross-sectional face-to-face risk behaviour survey | Low | March 2009 | 14–18 | 584 447 (final sample) | Hurricane | Physical and sexual violence by a boyfriend | Intensity of exposure to traumatic stressor Substance abuse |
Sloand et al. [39] | Haiti | Cross-sectional audio computer-based interviews | Some concerns | 2011 –2013 | 12–17 | 78 | Earthquake | Dating violence by boyfriend or ex-boyfriend and domestic violence by a family member | Low levels of education Young age Limited access to mental health services Social norms around intimate partner violence (IPV) |
Cerna-Turoff et al. [40] | Haiti | Cross-sectional face-to-face household survey | High | 2012 | 13–17 | 1,457 | Earthquake | Physical, emotional, and sexual violence by a family or non-family member | Not reported |
Epstein et al. [41] | 19 Sub-Saharan African countries | Repeated face-to-face cross-sectional survey | High | 2011 –2018 | 15–19 | 5,316 | Drought | Physical, emotional, and sexual violence by intimate partner | Young age Lower social standing and inexperience with relationships Financial strain and food insecurity Stress and poor mental health conditions Disempowerment, unemployment, and economic dependence on partner |
Augusti, Saetren, and Hafstad [42] | Norway | Cross-sectional web-based survey | Some concerns | June 2020 | 13–16 | 1,776 | COVID-19 | Physical, psychological, and sexual violence by a family or non-family member | Prior gender differences Family conflict Home confinement Previous experience with abuse (re-victimisation) |
Karp et al. [43] | Kenya | Mixed-method study of phone-based survey and in-depth interviews | High | June –August 2020 | 15–19 | 407 | COVID-19 | Relationship quality, sexual behaviours, and contraception use | COVID-19 induced social restrictions Poverty, loss of financial resources or income Prior gender divide Economic instability Deteriorating relationship between partners |
Kerekes et al. [44] | Sweden, the USA, Serbia, Morocco, Vietnam | Cross-sectional web-based survey | Some concerns | September 2020 –February 2021 | 15–19 | 3,120 | COVID-19 | Physical violence, threats, and sexual harassment by anyone | Socioeconomic status COVID-19 related restrictions Increased stress caused by physical distancing |
Rahiem [45] | Indonesia | Qualitative design using face-to-face semi-structured in-depth interviews | High | March –December 2020 | 14–17 | 10 | COVID-19 | Child marriage | Marriage as an escape route or remedy for boredom Local customs Economic instability Lack of understanding of the impact and long-term consequences of underage marriage Peer pressure |
Oliveira et al. [46] | Brazil | Cross-sectional face-to-face retrospective study | Some concerns | 2016 –2020 | 14–18 | 169 | COVID-19 | Physical and sexual violence by a family or non-family member | Social isolation and breakdown of social networks Home confinement Closure of schools Patriarchal gender norms Young age Social norms around domestic violence |