Table 4 District-level factors associated with higher COVID-19 mortality rate in Indonesia
| Â | Bivariable | Multivariable | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Coefficient (95% CI) | p value | Coefficient (95% CI) | p value |
COVID-19 incidence per 100,000 population | 1.64 (1.44 to 1.84) | 0.000 | 1.49 (1.22 to 1.75) | 0.000 |
Proportion of ≥ 60 years old population, % | 0.46 (0.32 to 0.61) | 0.000 | 0.26 (0.06 to 0.46) | 0.012 |
Prevalence of hypertension, % | 0.43 (0.29 to 0.57) | 0.000 | -0.11 (-0.31 to 0.08) | 0.248 |
Prevalence of diabetes mellitus, % | 0.89 (0.73 to 1.05) | 0.000 | 0.60 (0.37 to 0.84) | 0.000 |
Prevalence of central obesity, % | 0.51 (0.36 to 0.65) | 0.000 | -0.32 (-0.56 to -0.08) | 0.009 |
Prevalence of pneumonia, % | -0.19 (-0.33 to -0.05) | 0.007 | -0.01 (-0.19 to 0.16) | 0.895 |
Vaccine coverage for ≥ 60 years old population, % | 0.58 (0.43 to 0.72) | 0.000 | 0.04 (-0.17 to 0.25) | 0.709 |
Doctor per 100,0000 population | 0.37 (0.13 to 0.61) | 0.003 | 0.03 (-0.32 to 0.38) | 0.359 |
Nurse per 100,0000 population | -0.02 (-0.16 to 0.12) | 0.760 | -0.27 (-0.50 to -0.04) | 0.022 |
Midwife per 100,0000 population | 0.38 (0.23 to 0.52) | 0.000 | 0.32 (0.13 to 0.50) | 0.001 |
Hospital per 100,000 population | 0.49 (0.34 to 0.64) | 0.000 | -0.01 (-0.23 to 0.21) | 0.915 |
Expenditure, thousand IDR | 1.02 (0.85 to 1.18) | 0.000 | 0.34 (0.10 to 0.57) | 0.005 |
Life expectancy, years | 1.05 (0.89 to 1.22) | 0.000 | 0.23 (-0.00 to 0.46) | 0.052 |
Mean length of formal education, years | 0.51 (0.36 to 0.66) | 0.000 | -0.17 (-0.40 to 0.07) | 0.165 |