Table 1 Definition of variables and data sources
Variables | Definition | Data sources |
|---|---|---|
Dependent | ||
  COVID-19 mortality rate | Number of cumulative deaths among COVID-19 confirmed cases from 1 March 2020 to 27 February 2022 | National COVID-19 Task Force [32] |
Independent | ||
  COVID-19 incidence rate | Number of cumulative COVID-19 confirmed cases from 1 March 2020 to 27 February 2022 | National COVID-19 Task Force [32] |
  COVID-19 vaccine coverage for ≥ 60 years old population | Number of ≥ 60 years old population received two-dose of COVID-19 vaccine per total number of ≥ 60 years old population in 2020 | National COVID-19 Vaccination Database [33] |
  Proportion of ≥ 60 years old individuals | Number of ≥ 60 years old individuals per total number of individuals in 2020 | Statistics Bureau Database per province |
  Prevalence of hypertension | Proportion of individuals aged 15 ≥ years old with systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg in 2018 | Public Health Development Index 2018 [31] |
  Prevalence of diabetes mellitus | Proportion of individuals aged 15 ≥ years old diagnosed with diabetes mellitus by medical doctor in 2018 | Public Health Development Index 2018 [31] |
  Prevalence of central obesity | Proportion of individuals aged ≥ 15 years old with waist circumference > 90 cm for males and > 80 for females in 2018 | Public Health Development Index 2018 [31] |
  Prevalence of pneumonia | Proportion of individuals all ages diagnosed with clinical pneumonia by either medical doctor/nurse/midwife in the last one month in in 2018 | Public Health Development Index 2018 [31] |
  Doctor per population ratio | Number of doctors per 100,000 population per October 2021 | Ministry of Health, Human Resources Data 2021 |
  Nurse per population ratio | Number of nurses per 100,000 population October 2021 | Ministry of Health, Human Resources Data 2021 |
  Midwife per population ratio | Number of midwives per 100,000 population October 2021 | Ministry of Health, Human Resources Data 2021 |
  Hospital per population ratio | Number of hospitals per 100,000 population October 2021 | Ministry of Health, Health Facility Data 2021 |
  Expenditure | Per capita domestic expenditure, measured in 2020 | Human Development Index 2020 |
  Life expectancy at birth | The average number of years a newborn is expected to live if mortality patterns at the time of its birth remain constant in the future, measured in 2020 | Human Development Index 2020 |
  Length of formal education | The average length of formal education, measured in 2020 | Human Development Index 2020 |