Does health literacy moderate the psychological pathways of physical activity from guideline awareness to behavior? A multi-group structural equation modeling

Table 4 Standardized direct, indirect, and total effects in multi-group structural model stratified by health literacy

	Direct effect on PA behavior (95% CI)	P-value	Indirect effect on PA behavior (95% CI)	P-value	Total effect on PA behavior (95% CI)	P-value
Low health literacy group
Awareness of PA guidelines	0.22 (0.15, 0.30)	< 0.001	0.06 (0.05, 0.07)	< 0.001	0.28 (0.21, 0.36)	< 0.001
Knowledge of PA guidelines	―		0.01 (0.00, 0.01)	< 0.001	0.01 (0.00, 0.01)	< 0.001
Beliefs about PA	―		0.17 (0.15, 0.20)	< 0.001	0.17 (0.15, 0.20)	< 0.001
Behavioral intention	0.40 (0.35, 0.46)	< 0.001	―		0.40 (0.35, 0.46)	< 0.001
High health literacy group
Awareness of PA guidelines	0.07 (0.03, 0.11)	< 0.001	0.11 (0.10, 0.13)	< 0.001	0.18 (0.14, 0.23)	< 0.001
Knowledge of PA guidelines	―		0.01 (0.01, 0.02)	< 0.001	0.01 (0.01, 0.02)	< 0.001
Beliefs about PA	―		0.21 (0.19, 0.23)	< 0.001	0.21 (0.19, 0.23)	< 0.001
Behavioral intention	0.51 (0.46, 0.57)	< 0.001	―		0.51 (0.46, 0.57)	< 0.001

Direct, indirect, and total effects were standardized. The structural model is shown in Fig. 3
CI confidence interval, PA physical activity

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