Associations between gestational weight gain and adverse neonatal outcomes: a comparison between the US and the Chinese guidelines in Chinese women with twin pregnancies

Table 4 Adjusted risk associations of neonatal outcomes for women with adequate TGWG by the Chinese guidelines but inadequate TGWG by the IOM guidelines vs. women with optimal TGWG by both sets of the guidelines

Outcome	Optimal TGWG by both the Chinese and the IOM guidelines, n/N (%)	Optimal TGWG by the Chinese guidelines but inadequate TGWG by the IOM guidelines, n/N (%)	aOR (95% CI) ^b
SGA	90/1094 (8.2)	47/428 (11.0)	1.36 (0.91, 2.02)
LGA	58/1094 (5.3)	12/428 (2.8)	0.51 (0.26, 0.99)
Respiratory distress	24/1094 (2.2)	19/428 (4.4)	1.07 (0.34, 3.32)
Neonatal jaundice	283/1094 (25.9)	130/428 (30.4)	1.09 (0.80, 1.49)
NICU admission	68/1094 (6.2)	43/428 (10.0)	1.00 (0.47, 2.11)
Any adverse outcome^a	389/1094 (35.6)	180/428 (42.1)	1.06 (0.81, 1.40)

Abbreviations: aOR adjusted odds ratio, ART assisted reproductive technology, CI confidence interval, GDM gestational diabetes mellitus, IOM Institute of Medicine, LGA large for gestational age, NICU neonatal intensive care unit, PBMI prepregnancy body mass index, SGA small for gestational age, TGWG, total gestational weight gain
^aAny adverse outcome was defined as the presence of one or more of the following neonatal outcomes: SGA, LGA, respiratory distress syndrome, neonatal jaundice, and NICU admission
^bThe models adjusted for the priori defined confounders, including maternal age, gestational age, maternal PBMI, parity, gravidity, education level, twin type, use of ART, historical cesarean section, family history of diabetes mellitus/hypertension, pre-existing diabetes mellitus/hypertension, GDM and gestational hypertension

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