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Table 2 Adjusted risk associations of neonatal outcomes for women with inadequate or excess TGWG vs. women with optimal TGWG, as defined by the Chinese or the IOM guidelines

From: Associations between gestational weight gain and adverse neonatal outcomes: a comparison between the US and the Chinese guidelines in Chinese women with twin pregnancies

Outcome

Optimal TGWGb

Inadequate TGWG

Excess TGWG

n/N (%)

n/N (%)

aOR (95% CI)c

n/N (%)

aOR (95% CI)c

The Chinese guidelines

 SGA

153/1714 (8.9)

166/1144 (14.5)

1.66 (1.27, 2.18)

9/210 (4.3)

0.43 (0.21, 0.89)

 LGA

78/1714 (4.6)

25/1144 (2.2)

0.57 (0.35, 0.93)

36/210 (17.1)

4.58 (2.85, 7.38)

 Respiratory distress

45/1714 (2.6)

104/1144 (9.1)

1.40 (0.81, 2.41)

9/210 (4.3)

1.74 (0.55, 5.52)

 Neonatal jaundice

463/1714 (27.0)

433/1144 (37.8)

1.34 (1.10, 1.64)

51/210 (24.3)

0.81 (0.54, 1.24)

 NICU admission

119/1714 (6.9)

144/1144 (12.6)

0.69 (0.45, 1.06)

6/210 (2.9)

0.27 (0.09, 0.86)

 Any adverse outcomea

637/1714 (37.2)

584/1144 (51.0)

1.37 (1.13, 1.64)

91/210 (43.3)

1.30 (0.91, 1.85)

The IOM guidelines

 SGA

91/1116 (8.2)

165/1302 (12.7)

1.67 (1.23, 2.27)

5/160 (3.1)

0.35 (0.14, 0.87)

 LGA

64/1116 (5.7)

35/1302 (2.7)

0.47 (0.30, 0.75)

25/160 (15.6)

3.48 (1.97, 6.13)

 Respiratory distress

25/1116 (2.2)

106/1302 (8.1)

1.52 (0.74, 3.14)

8/160 (5.0)

2.72 (0.80, 9.25)

 Neonatal jaundice

287/1116 (25.7)

459/1302 (35.3)

1.31 (1.05, 1.63)

39/160 (24.4)

0.87 (0.55, 1.40)

 NICU admission

70/1116 (6.3)

167/1302 (12.8)

0.87 (0.55, 1.36)

4/160 (2.5)

0.21 (0.02, 1.89)

 Any adverse outcome a

399/1116 (35.8)

627/1302 (48.2)

1.28 (1.06, 1.56)

68/160 (42.5)

1.26 (0.84, 1.89)

  1. Abbreviations: aOR adjusted odds ratio, ART assisted reproductive technology, CI confidence interval, GDM gestational diabetes mellitus, IOM Institute of Medicine, LGA large for gestational age, NICU neonatal intensive care unit, PBMI prepregnancy body mass index, SGA small for gestational age, TGWG total gestational weight gain
  2. aAny adverse outcome was defined as the presence of one or more of the following neonatal outcomes: SGA, LGA, respiratory distress syndrome, neonatal jaundice, and NICU admission
  3. bOptimal TGWG was used as the reference
  4. cAll the models adjusted for the priori defined confounders, including maternal age, gestational age, maternal PBMI, parity, gravidity, education level, twin type, use of ART, historical cesarean section, family history of diabetes mellitus/hypertension, pre-existing diabetes mellitus/hypertension, GDM and gestational hypertension