Table 1 Multivariate regression analysis of factors associated with difficulty with access to health care services and obtaining medications by people critically ill during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic (N = 5156)
Variables | Total N = 5156 n (%) | Challenges with access to health care | Difficulty with obtaining medication | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes N = 1922 (37.3) n (%) | No N = 3234 (62.7) n (%) | AOR; 95% CI; p value | Yes N = 1410 (27.3%) n (%) | No N = 3746 (72.7%) n (%) | AOR; 95% CI; p value | ||
Age mean (SD) | 36.08 (12.5) | 36.9 (12.7) | 35.6 (12.4) | 0.998; 0.992–1.004; p = 0.443 | 35.8 (12.7) | 36.2 (12.4) | 0.987; 0.980–0.993; p < 0.001 |
Economic region | |||||||
 LICs | 141 (2.7) | 73 (51.8) | 68 (48.2) | 1.697; 1.183–2.434; p = 0.004 | 49 (34.8) | 92 (65.2) | 2.100; 1.425–3.094; p < 0.001 |
 LMICs | 2960 (57.4) | 1006 (34.0) | 1954 (66.0) | 0.715; 0.610–0.837; p < 0.001 | 831 (28.1) | 2129 (71.9) | 1.186; 0.989–1.423; p = 0.066 |
 UMICs | 1045 (20.3) | 427 (40.9) | 618 (59.1) | 1.073; 0.894–1.289; p = 0.449 | 287 (27.5) | 758 (72.5) | 1.407; 1.140–1.737; p = 0.001 |
 HICs | 1010 (19.6) | 416 (41.2) | 594 (58.8) | 1.000 | 243 (24.1) | 767 (75.9) | 1.000 |
Sex at birth | |||||||
 Male | 2205 (42.8) | 820 (37.2) | 1385 (62.8) | 0.954; 0.946–1.075; p = 0.441 | 659 (29.9) | 1546 (70.1) | 1.225; 1.075–1.396; p = 0.002 |
 Female | 2951 (57.2) | 1102 (37.3) | 1849 (62.7) | 1.000 | 751 (25.4) | 2200 (74.6) | 1.000 |
Level of education | |||||||
 No formal education | 44 (0.9) | 18 (40.9) | 26 (59.1) | 0.798; 0.423–1.505; p = 0.485 | 20 (45.5) | 24 (54.5) | 1.426; 0.757–2.683; p = 0.272 |
 Primary | 94 (1.8) | 44 (46.8) | 50 (53.2) | 0.961; 0.621–1.487; p = 0.858 | 35 (37.2) | 59 (62.8) | 0.964; 0.611–1.522; p = 0.876 |
 Secondary | 875 (17.0) | 343 (39.2) | 532 (60.8) | 1.000; 0.849–1.177; p = 0.996 | 312 (35.7) | 563 (64.3) | 1.392; 1.173–1.651; p < 0.001 |
 College/University | 4143 (80.4) | 1517 (36.6) | 2626 (63.4) | 1.000 | 1043 (25.2) | 3100 (74.8) | 1.000 |
Employment status | |||||||
 Retiree | 179 (3.5) | 91 (50.8) | 88 (49.2) | 1.592; 1.133–2.237; p = 0.007 | 68 (38.0) | 111 (62.0) | 2.191; 1.529–3.141; p < 0.001 |
 Student | 881 (17.1) | 287 (32.6) | 594 (67.4) | 0.955; 0.791–1.153; p = 0.632 | 220 (25.0) | 661 (75.0) | 0.936; 0.761–1.153; p = 0.536 |
 Unemployed | 876 (17.0) | 359 (41.0) | 517 (59.0) | 1.198; 1.020–1.407; p = 0.028 | 302 (34.5) | 574 (65.5) | 1.471; 1.239–1.747; p < 0.001 |
 Employed | 3220 (62.5) | 1185 (36.8) | 2035 (63.2) | 1.000 | 820 (25.5) | 2400 (74.5) | 1.000 |
Living with HIV | |||||||
 Yes | 504 (9.8) | 270 (53.6) | 234 (46.4) | 2.357; 1.913–2.904; p < 0.001 | 243 (48.2) | 261 (51.8) | 2.458; 1.984–3.045; p < 0.001 |
 No | 4652 (90.2) | 1652 (35.5) | 3000 (64.5) | 1.000 | 1167 (25.1) | 3485 (74.9) | 1.000 |
Use drugs | |||||||
 Yes | 374 (7.3) | 203 (54.3) | 171 (45.7) | 1.831; 1.463–2.291; p < 0.001 | 165 (44.1) | 209 (55.9) | 1.797; 1.428–2.262; p < 0.001 |
 No | 4782 (92.7) | 1719 (35.9) | 3063 (64.1) | 1.000 | 1245 (26.0) | 3537 (74.0) | 1.000 |
Transact sex | |||||||
 Yes | 277 (5.4) | 163 (58.8) | 114 (41.2) | 1.973; 1.516–2.567; p < 0.001 | 155 (56.0) | 122 (44.0) | 2.713; 2.079–3.539; p < 0.001 |
 No | 4879 (94.6) | 1759 (36.1) | 3120 (63.9) | 1.000 | 1255 (25.7) | 3624 (74.3) | 1.000 |
Risk for severe COVID-19 | |||||||
 Might be at increased risk | 939 (18.2) | 419 (44.6) | 520 (55.4) | 1.481; 1.274–1.722; p < 0.001 | 321 (34.2) | 618 (65.8) | 1.658; 1.410–1.950; p < 0.001 |
 At increased risk | 345 (6.7) | 194 (56.2) | 151 (43.8) | 2.102; 1.655–2.669; p < 0.001 | 149 (43.2) | 196 (56.8) | 2.321; 1.811–2.976; p < 0.001 |
 Little or no risk | 3872 (75.1) | 1309 (33.8) | 2563 (66.2) | 1.000 | 940 (24.3) | 2932 (75.7) | 1.000 |