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Table 6 Result of panel data analysis for the association between emergency statement and mobility for the prefectures in Japan, using divided emergency statement for 2020 and 2021

From: COVID-19, stigma, and habituation: evidence from mobility data

dependent

explanatory

estimate

s.e.

p

covariates

retail

emergency_1st

-0.2009

0.0064

<0.0001

Yes

emergency_2nd

-0.0644

0.0057

<0.0001

emergency_3rd

-0.0605

0.0113

<0.0001

emergency_4th

-0.0088

0.0155

0.5692

grocery

emergency_1st

-0.0314

0.0029

<0.0001

Yes

emergency_2nd

-0.0195

0.0032

<0.0001

emergency_3rd

0.0080

0.0060

0.1814

emergency_4th

-0.0182

0.0110

0.0976

workplaces

emergency_1st

-0.1316

0.0049

<0.0001

Yes

emergency_2nd

0.0048

0.0030

0.1075

emergency_3rd

0.0063

0.0100

0.5263

emergency_4th

0.0428

0.0145

0.0030

residential

emergency_1st

0.0765

0.0023

<0.0001

Yes

emergency_2nd

0.0072

0.0011

<0.0001

emergency_3rd

0.0084

0.0041

0.0410

emergency_4th

-0.0129

0.0067

0.0522

  1. Notes: The sample size is \(N = nT = 47 \times 518 = 24,346\). The estimation results for each row show the coefficients estimated using the fixed-effect estimator. s.e. stands for cluster robust standard errors