Table 4 Health belief criteria of VCAs on the zoonotic diseases (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; **p < 0.001, a = % of a total survey population)
Health belief criteria | Questions | Species | Categories | Farmers (%) N = 613 | Supply chain actors (%) N = 63 | Ӽ2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perceived threat | Which species of animal do you think can transmit zoonotic disease to human? | Cattle | Yes | 16.6 (13.9–19.8) | 49.2 (36.8–61.7) | 38.3*** |
No | 83.4 (80.2–86.1) | 50.8 (38.3–63.2) | ||||
Small ruminant | Yes | 9.1 (7.1–11.7) | 9.5 (4.3–19.8) | 0.01 | ||
No | 90.9 (88.3–92.9) | 90.5 (80.3–95.7) | ||||
Poultry | Yes | 48.3 (44.3–52.3) | 65.1 (52.3–76.0) | 6.4* | ||
No | 51.7 (47.7–55.7) | 34.9 (24.0–47.8) | ||||
Perceived severity | Which level do you consider the impacts of the risk of transmissible diseases from animal to human on human health? | Cattle | None | 83.4 (80.2–86.1) | 50.8 (38.3–63.2) | 126.3*** |
Moderate | 2.1 (1.2–3.6) | 34.9 (24.0–47.8) | ||||
High | 14.5 (11.9–17.5) | 14.3 (7.5–25.6) | ||||
Small ruminant | None | 94.9 (92.9–96.4) | 90.5 (80.0–95.8) | 16.0*** | ||
Moderate | 0.7 (0.3–1.7) | 6.3 (2.3–16.1) | ||||
High | 4.4 (3.0–6.4) | 3.2 (0.8–12.2) | ||||
Poultry | None | 48.3 (44.3–52.3) | 65.1 (52.5–75.9) | 17.7*** | ||
Moderate | 9.8 (7.7–12.4) | 19.1 (11.1–30.8) | ||||
High | 41.9 (38.1–45.9) | 15.9 (8.7–27.2) | ||||
Perceived barrier | What are the barriers for preventive measures? | Cattle | No barrier | 82.9 (79.7–85.7) | 98.4 (89.1–99.8) | 10.5* |
Financial constraint | 2.8 (1.7–4.4) | 0 | ||||
Limited knowledge | 9.0 (6.9–11.5) | 1.6 (0.2–10.9) | ||||
Limited resource | 5.4 (3.9–7.5) | 0 | ||||
Small ruminant | No barrier | 89.6 (86.9–91.7) | 98.4 (89.1–99.8) | 5.4 | ||
Financial constraint | 2.1 (1.2–3.6) | 0 | ||||
Limited knowledge | 4.6 (3.2–6.5) | 1.6 (0.2–10.9) | ||||
Limited resource | 3.8 (2.5–5.6) | 0 | ||||
Poultry | No barrier | 89.1 (86.3–91.3) | 98.4 (89.1–99.8) | 5.6 | ||
Financial constraint | 2.0 (1.1–3.4) | 0 | ||||
Limited knowledge | 6.5 (4.8–8.8) | 1.6 (0.2–10.9) | ||||
Limited resource | 2.5 (1.5–4.0) | 0 | ||||
Cue to action | How do you obtain the information to prevent disease transmission from animal to human? | Cattle | No information obtained | 54.2 (50.2–58.1) | 88.9 (78.1–94.7) | 51.0*** |
Other farmers | 21.0 (18.0–24.5) | 3.2 (0.8–12.2) | ||||
Media | 3.1 (2.0–4.8) | 0 | ||||
Local authorities | 21.7 (18.6–25.2) | 4.8 (1.5–14.1) | ||||
Other traders | 0 | 3.2 (0.8–12.2) | ||||
Small ruminants | No information obtained | 72.9 (69.3–76.3) | 88.9 (78.1–94.7) | 29.9*** | ||
Other farmers | 13.5 (11.1–16.5) | 3.2 (0.8–12.2) | ||||
Media | 1.8 (1.0–3.2) | 0 | ||||
Local authorities | 4.8 (1.5–13.9) | 4.8 (1.5–14.1) | ||||
Other traders | 0 | 3.2 (0.8–12.2) | ||||
Poultry | No information obtained | 74.2 (70.6–77.5) | 88.9 (78.1–94.7) | 28.0*** | ||
Other farmers | 10.1 (8.0–12.8) | 3.2 (0.8–12.2) | ||||
Media | 2.9 (1.9–4.6) | 0 | ||||
Local authorities | 12.7 (10.3–15.6) | 4.8 (1.5–14.1) | ||||
Other traders | 0 | 3.2 (0.8–12.2) | ||||
Self-efficacy | Do you think you can prevent the disease being transmitted from animal to human? | Cattle | Yes a | 53.3 (49.4–57.3) | 55.2 (41.9–67.7) | 1.2 |
Small ruminants | Yes a | 37.7 (33.9–41.6) | 55.2 (41.9–67.7) | 1.7 | ||
Poultry | Yes a | 41.1 (37.3–45.1) | 55.2 (41.9–67.7) | 0.6 |