Table 1 Summary statistics of background characteristics
From: The impact of parental migration on left-behind children’s vision health in rural China
Variables, mean (SD) | Full Sample (1) | Left-behind (2) | Non-Left-behind (3) | Difference: (3)–(2) P-Value (4) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Panel A: Outcome variables | ||||
Myopia (1 = yes; 0 = no) | 0.546 (0.498) | 0.512 (0.500) | 0.558 (0.497) | 0.046*** |
Owned eyeglasses (1 = yes; 0 = no) a | 0.407 (0.491) | 0.366 (0.482) | 0.420 (0.494) | 0.054*** |
Panel B: Child Characteristics | ||||
Age (years) | 14.228 (1.317) | 14.238 (1.377) | 14.225 (1.295) | −0.013 |
Boys (1 = yes; 0 = no) | 0.521 (0.500) | 0.540 (0.498) | 0.514 (0.500) | − 0.026** |
9th grade (1 = yes; 0 = no) | 0.484 (0.500) | 0.467 (0.499) | 0.490 (0.500) | 0.024** |
Number of siblings | 0.965 (0.803) | 1.075 (0.834) | 0.925 (0.788) | −0.150*** |
School boarding (1 = yes; 0 = no) | 0.474 (0.499) | 0.588 (0.492) | 0.432 (0.495) | −0.156*** |
Academic score (standardized) | −0.003 (0.995) | −0.039 (1.002) | 0.010 (0.992) | 0.049** |
Panel C: Family Characteristics | ||||
Father’s educational attainment (years) | 8.995 (2.271) | 8.743 (2.235) | 9.085 (2.277) | 0.342*** |
Mother’s educational attainment (years) | 8.152 (2.801) | 7.737 (2.960) | 8.302 (2.726) | 0.565*** |
Family economic condition: | ||||
Poor | 0.272 (0.445) | 0.342 (0.474) | 0.247 (0.431) | −0.095*** |
Average | 0.686 (0.464) | 0.629 (0.483) | 0.706 (0.456) | 0.077*** |
Rich | 0.042 (0.201) | 0.029 (0.169) | 0.047 (0.211) | 0.018*** |
Living area: | ||||
Eastern China | 0.499 (0.500) | 0.299 (0.458) | 0.571 (0.495) | 0.272*** |
Central China | 0.285 (0.452) | 0.410 (0.492) | 0.241 (0.428) | −0.169*** |
Western China | 0.216 (0.411) | 0.291 (0.454) | 0.188 (0.391) | −0.103*** |
N | 10,361 | 2751 | 7610 | |