Reference | Country | Setting | Sample Size | Female Sex (n=)/%) | Age (years) Mean ± SD | Injury severity (n=) Moderate/ Severe) | Time post-Injury Mean ± SD (months)+ | PEDro Quality Assessment for RCTs (total) | Control Group comparison |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bateman et al. 2001 [34] | UK | Inpatient Rehab | I: 24 C: 23 | I: 6 (25%) C: 3 (13%) | I: 35 ± 14 C: 36 ± 13 | I: 0/14 C: 0/12 | I: 5.1 ± 2.9a C: 5.0 ± 2.2 | 7 | Non-PA intervention (relaxation) |
Bellon et al. 2015 [35] & Kolakowsky-Hayner et al. 2017 [36]b | USA | Home-based | I: 29 C: 40 | 28 (41%) | 44 ± 16 | 10/35 | 100.5 ± 119.9 | 6c | Non-PA intervention (nutrition coaching) |
Blake et al. 2009 [37] | UK | Community-based | I: 10 C: 10 | I: 1 (10%) C: 4 (40%) | I: 44 ± 10 C: 46 ± 11 | I: 4/3 C: 4/2 | I: 196.8 ± 108.0 C: 178.8 ± 163.2 | 6 | Non-PA intervention (social & leisure activities) |
Brenner et al. 2012 [38] | USA | Community-based | I: 37  C: 37 | I: 8 (22%) C: 5 (14%) | I: 44 ± 16 C: 44 ± 15 | I: NR C: NR | I: 140.4 ± 165.6 C: 150.0 ± 165.6 | 4 | No intervention (wait-list) |
Brown et al. 2005 [39]d | USA | Inpatient Rehab | I: 10 C: 9 | I: 3 (30%) C: 3 (33%) | I: 38 ± 12 C: 42 ± 8 | I: 0/10 C: 0/9 | I: 181.2 ± 78.0 C: 199.2 ± 199.2 | 5 | PA intervention (overground gait training) |
Canning et al. 2003 [40]e | Australia | Inpatient Rehab | I: 13 C: 11 | I: 2 (16%) C: 4 (40%) | I: 25 ± 11 C: 26 ± 10 | I: 0/13 C: 0/11 | I: 2.5 ± 1.5 C: 2.8 ± 0.8 | 7 | No additional intervention (usual rehab) |
Curcio et al. 2020 [41]e | Italy | Inpatient Rehab | I: 11 C: 11 | I: 6 (60%) C: 5 (50%) | I: 37 ± 15 C: 43 ± 14 | I: 0/11 C: 0/11 | I: 5.8 ± 2.6 C: 4.8 ± 2.7 | 6 | PA intervention (balance training) |
Cuthbert et al. 2014 [42] | USA | Inpatient Rehab | I: 10 C: 10 | I: 3 (30%) C: 4 (40%) | I: 32 (23–56)f C: 31 (19–64) | I: NR C: NR | I: 1.8 (0.9–2.8)f C: 3.1 (0.8-4.0) | 6 | PA intervention (balance training) |
Driver et al. 2004 [43] | USA | Outpatient Rehab | I: 8 C: 8 | I: 4 (50%) C: 4 (50%) | I: 39 ± 5 C:38 ± 4 | I: 0/8 C: 0/8 | I: 40.8 ± 17.1 C: 36.6 ± 14.1 | 3 | Non-PA intervention (vocational rehab) |
Driver et al. 2006 [44] | USA | Outpatient Rehab | I: 9 C: 9 | I: 4 (44%) C: 4 (44%) | I: 38 ± 4 C: 35 ± 4 | I: 0/9 C: 0/9 | I: 40.3 ± 14.7 C: 41.2 ± 14.2 | 4 | Non-PA intervention (vocational rehab) |
Driver et al. 2009 [45] | USA | Outpatient Rehab | I: 8 C: 8 | I: 3 (38%) C: 4 (50%) | I: 39 ± 2 C: 38 ± 2 | I: 8/0 C: 8/0 | I: 40.8 ± 14.7 C: 36.2 ± 14.2 | 4 | Non-PA intervention (vocational rehab) |
Esquenazi et al. 2013 [46] | USA | Outpatient Rehab | I: 8 C: 8 | I: 5 (62%) C: 4 (50%) | I: 37 ± 11 C: 42 ± 17 | NR | I: 140.3 ± 71.6 C: 150.4 ± 111.6 | 4 | PA intervention (Manual-Assisted Partial BWSTT) |
Freivogel et al. 2009 [47]g | Germany | Inpatient Rehab | I: 8 C: 8 | I: 3 (38%) C: 2 (25%) | I: 22 ± 6 C: 26 ± 6 | I: 0/6 C: 0/6 | I: 16.0 ± 15.0 C: 56.0 ± 69.0 | 8 | PA intervention (Partial BWSTT or overground walking) |
Gemmell et al. 2006 [48] | New Zealand | Community-based | I: 9 C: 9 | All: 9 | All: F, 40 ± 12 M, 51 ± 9 | I: NR C: NR | All: 104.4 | 5 | No intervention (wait-list) |
Australia | Community-based | I: 32 C: 30 | I: 5 (15%) C: 4 (12%) | I: 35 ± 15 C: 33 ± 12 | I: 0/32 C: 0/30 | I: 2.6 (1.8-4.0) C: 2.3 (1.5–3.4)h | 8 | PA intervention (home-based exercise) | |
Hassett et al. 2012 [51] | Australia | Inpatient & Outpatient Rehab | I: 20 C: 20 | I: 6 (30%) C: 7 (35%) | I: 39 ± 17 C: 29 ± 11 | I: 0/20 C: 0/20 | I: 3.7 (2.0-4.9) C: 3.1 (2.1–5.6)h | 7 | PA intervention (Circuit class, no HR feedback) |
Katz-Leurer et al. 2009 [52]i | Israel | Home-based | I: 10 C: 10 | I: 3 (30%) C: 3 (30%) | I: 8 ± 4 C: 9 ± 3 | I: 0/5 C: 0/5 | I: NR C: NR | 7 | No intervention |
Kleffelgaard et al. 2019 [53]j | Norway | Outpatient Rehab | I: 33 C: 32 | I: 23 (70%) C: 22 (71%) | I: 38 ± 12 C: 41 ± 14 | I: NR C: NR | I: 3.9 ± 2.2 C: 3.4 ± 1.9 | 8 | No additional intervention (usual rehab) |
McMillan et al. 2002 [54]k | UK | Community-based | I: 47 C: 48 | I: 8 (21%) C: 12 (25%) | I: 31 ± 13 C: 36 ± 13 | I: NR C: NR | I: NR C: NR | 6 | No intervention |
Särkämö et al. 2021 [55]b | Finland | Outpatient rehab | I: 6 C: 5 | I: 3 (50%) C: 1 (20% | I: 36 ± 6 C: 35 ± 14 | I: 0/6 C: 0/5 | I: 110.4 ± 30.0 C: 69.6 ± 37.2 | 7 | No intervention (wait-list) |
Straudi et al. 2017 [56]l | Italy | Inpatient & Outpatient Rehab | I: 11 C: 10 | I: 2 (16%) C: 2 (22%) | I: 30 ± 16 C: 37 ± 10 | I: NR C: NR | I: 24.0 ± 72.0 C: 96.0 ± 192.0 | 5 | PA intervention (balance training) |
Tefertiller et al. 2019 [57] | USA | Home-based | I: 31 C: 32 | I: 8 (26%) C: 16 (50%) | I: 48 ± 12 C: 50 ± 12 | I: NR C: NR | I: 99.6 ± 110.4 C: 102.0 ± 87.6 | 5 | PA intervention (home-based balance training) |
Wilson et al. 2006 [58]e | USA | Inpatient Rehab | I: 20 C: 20 | I: 1 (5%) C: 2 (11%) | I: 33 ± 14 C: 26 ± 9 | I: NR C: NR | I: 4.0 ± 3.5 C: 2.8 ± 1.8 | 7 | No additional intervention (usual gait rehab) |