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Table 2 The significantly and positively related factors associated with helmet-wearing behavior

From: Effective factors of improved helmet use in motorcyclists: a systematic review

Variable

Positively associated with helmet usage*

Reference(s)

Age

More advanced age

[5, 12, 15, 18, 20, 26, 28, 29, 31, 42, 54,55,56, 58]

Younger age

[45]

Sex

Women

[2, 17,18,19,20,21, 24, 26, 31, 33,34,35, 42, 44, 45, 56]

Men

[12, 14, 27, 29, 41, 48, 55]

Education

Higher educational attainments

[19,20,21, 25, 26, 28, 30, 36, 41, 44, 45, 55, 58, 59]

Marital status

Married

[14, 15, 18, 19, 58]

Unmarried

[2, 55]

Driving status

Drivers (compared to passengers)

[12, 17, 22, 24, 26, 28, 31, 33, 35, 37, 40, 43, 48, 50, 51, 53]

Number of passengers

Lower numbers

[5, 12, 17, 31, 33, 40, 51]

Higher numbers

[56]

License possession

Licensed riders and motorcycles

[15, 19, 33, 35]

Helmet ownership

Helmet owners

[18, 19, 26]

Roads’ type

Highways

[21, 24, 39, 43, 46, 57]

Central city roads

[5, 12, 17, 33, 34, 42, 50]

Timing of driving within the day

Mornings

[5, 17, 22, 24, 31, 39, 43, 46, 56]

Timing of driving within the week

Weekdays

[5, 17, 24, 31, 35, 39, 50, 51, 56]

Purpose of trip

Commercial (versus private) usage

[40, 57]

From/towards home, work, or school/college

[26, 44]

Climate conditions

Sunny

[33]

Rainy

[34, 35, 44, 46]

Length of trips

Longer distances

[28, 41, 42]

Frequency of trips

More frequent trips

[29]

Less frequent trips

[15, 32]

Type of motorcycle

Larger engines

[24, 26, 31, 34, 45, 54]

Smaller engines

[51]

History of previous crashes

Positive history

[28, 44]

Negative history

[5, 21, 41]

Income

Higher income

[15, 20, 25, 27, 40, 55, 59]

Type of residence

Non-slum areas

[14]

Urban areas

[55]

  1. * In studies with both univariable and multivariable analyses, only the multivariable analysis statistics have been considered significant