From: Effective factors of improved helmet use in motorcyclists: a systematic review
Variable | Positively associated with helmet usage* | Reference(s) |
---|---|---|
Age | More advanced age | |
Younger age | [45] | |
Sex | Women | |
Men | ||
Education | Higher educational attainments | |
Marital status | Married | |
Unmarried | ||
Driving status | Drivers (compared to passengers) | [12, 17, 22, 24, 26, 28, 31, 33, 35, 37, 40, 43, 48, 50, 51, 53] |
Number of passengers | Lower numbers | |
Higher numbers | [56] | |
License possession | Licensed riders and motorcycles | |
Helmet ownership | Helmet owners | |
Roads’ type | Highways | |
Central city roads | ||
Timing of driving within the day | Mornings | |
Timing of driving within the week | Weekdays | |
Purpose of trip | Commercial (versus private) usage | |
From/towards home, work, or school/college | ||
Climate conditions | Sunny | [33] |
Rainy | ||
Length of trips | Longer distances | |
Frequency of trips | More frequent trips | [29] |
Less frequent trips | ||
Type of motorcycle | Larger engines | |
Smaller engines | [51] | |
History of previous crashes | Positive history | |
Negative history | ||
Income | Higher income | |
Type of residence | Non-slum areas | [14] |
Urban areas | [55] |