From: Effective factors of improved helmet use in motorcyclists: a systematic review
First author | Year of conduction | Location | Design | Sample size and characteristics | Assessed factors | Associated factors | STROBE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ackaah [12] | 2010 | Tamale metropolis, Ghana | Cross-sectional (observational) | 3115 drivers and 1058 passengers | Age (estimated), sex, driving status, riding location | Age (estimated), driving status, riding location | 17 |
Merali [13] | 2010–2014 | Cambodia | Cross-sectional (observational) | 62,039 child passengers 12 years of age and younger (apparent age) | Helmet wearing by the driver, province, day of the week, time of the day, no of passengers, no of children | Helmet wearing by the driver, province, day of the week, time of the day, no of passengers | 20 |
Mirkazemi [14] | 2008–2009 | Pune city, India | Cross-sectional (questionnaire) | 2259 | Helmet ownership, sex, age, marital status, education, socioeconomic class, type of family, and type of residence | sex, marital status, type of family, and type of residence | 19 |
Adnan [15] | 2017 | Karachi, Pakistan | Repeated cross-sectional (questionnaire) | 246 and 277 | Age, license possession, number of daily trips, education riding experience, history of severe crashes, the experience of a stolen helmet, marital status, monthly income, length of trips, time of the day, mean fuel consumption, enforcement campaign | Age, license possession, number of daily trips, monthly income, riding experience, history of crashes, the experience of a stolen helmet, marital status, license possession, number of daily trips, and age in the CART model | 18 |
Aghamolaei [16] | Not mentioned | Bandar-Abbas, Iran | Cross-sectional (questionnaire) | 221 | TBP and HBM constitutes | Perceived behavioral control, perceived barriers, self-efficacy, and cues to action | 20 |
Akaateba [17] | Not mentioned | Wa, Ghana | Cross-sectional (observational) | 11,360 drivers and 3107 passengers | Sex, time of the day, day of the week, riding location, driving status | Sex, time of the day, time of the week, riding location, driving status | 19 |
Akaateba [18] | 2013 | Wa, Ghana | Cross-sectional (observational and questionnaire) | 271 | Sex, age, marital status, occupation, education, license possession, helmet ownership, knowledge, attitude, and beliefs | Sex, age, marital status, occupation, attitude, and belief | 19 |
Aidoo [19] | 2017 | Kumasi, Ghana | Cross-sectional (survey) | 503 | Sex, age, marital status, education, occupation, frequency of driving, law awareness, helmet ownership, history of crashes, license possession, riding experience, length of trips | Sex, marital status, education, helmet ownership, license possession | 16 |
Babio [20] | 1999 | Spain | Cross-sectional (survey) | 1029 | Age, sex, education, income, marital status, community size, type of roads, occupation, social class | Age, income, community size, type of roads, education | 17 |
Ranney [21] | 2006–2008 | USA | Cross-sectional (web-based survey) | 445 newly licensed motorcyclists | Age sex, education, marital status, history of previous injuries, license possession, type of motorcycle, attitudes, and beliefs | Sex, education, history of previous injuries, attitudes, and beliefs | 20 |
Bachani [22] | 2010–2011 | Cambodia | Cross-sectional (observational and questionnaire) | 68,894 observations and 304 interviews | Time of the day, driving status, attitude, helmet ownership | Time of the day, driving status, attitude | 18 |
Bao [23] | 2011–2014 | Vietnam | Cross-sectional (observational and questionnaire) | 301,981 observations and 2730 interviews | KAP and reasons for using helmets | KAP and reasons for using helmets | 13 |
Skalkidou [24] | 1998 | Greater Athens, Greece | Cross-sectional (questionnaire) | 982 riders and 349 passengers | Sex, age, driving status, day of the week, time of the day, type of roads, type of motorcycle, riding experience, license possession, attitude | Sex, driving status, day of the week, time of the day, type of roads, type of motorcycle, attitude | 15 |
Ghasemzadeh [25] | 2014 | Charoymag (rural areas), Iran | Cross-sectional (observational and questionnaire) | 150 | TPB, subjective norms, attitude, age, economic status, license possession, education, occupation, history of crashes, driving status | TPB, subjective norms, attitude, economic status, education, occupation, driving status | 19 |
Wadhwaniya [26] | 2011–2013 | Hyderabad, India | Cross-sectional (observational and questionnaire) | 4774 drivers and 97 passengers | Sex, age, education, driving status, type of motorcycle, motorcycle ownership, the purpose of the trip, helmet ownership | Sex, age, education, driving status, type of motorcycle, the purpose of the trip, helmet ownership | 20 |
Hernández [27] | 2013 | Colombia | Cross-sectional (observational and questionnaire) | 3980 | Sex, age, climate condition, type of roads, socioeconomic status | Sex, type of roads, socioeconomic status | 18 |
Hung [28] | 2005–2006 | Hai Duong Province, Vietnam | Cross-sectional (questionnaire) | 716 drivers and 92 passengers | Sex, age, education, income, driving status, type of roads, type of motorcycle, type of residence, driving frequency, driving experience, driving distance, license possession, occupation, alcohol consumption, attitudes | Age, education, income, driving status, type of roads, driving distance, attitudes | 20 |
Jiwattanakulpaisarn [29] | 2009 | Thailand | Cross-sectional (questionnaire) | 2429 drivers and 1328 passengers | Sex, age, driving frequency, attitudes | Sex, age, driving frequency, attitudes | 15 |
Khan [30] | Not mentioned | Karachi, Pakistan | Cross-sectional (questionnaire) | 300 male drivers | Age, education, marital status, knowledge about enforcement laws | Education | 18 |
Kumphong [31] | Not mentioned | Khon Kaen, Thailand | Cross-sectional (observational) | 27,977 drivers and 6,947 passengers | Age (apparent age), sex, driving status, type of motorcycle, time of the day, day of the week, no of passengers, presence of police, red-light running behavior | Age (apparent age), sex, driving status, type of motorcycle, time of the day, day of the week, no of passengers, presence of police, red-light running behavior | 17 |
Sreedharan [2] | 2007 | Kerala state, India | Cross-sectional (questionnaire) | 309 | Sex, age, education, marital status, religion, alcohol consumption, attitudes | Sex, age, marital status, alcohol consumption, attitudes | 17 |
Shults [32] | 2011 | USA | Cross-sectional (survey and interview) | 211 youths (aged 12–17 years) | Sex, driving frequency, location of residence | Driving frequency | 19 |
Xuequn [33] | 2009 | Zhongshan, Guangdong Province, China | Cross-sectional (observational) | 13,410 drivers and 4498 passengers | Sex, driving status, type of roads, no of passengers, the registration status of motorcycle, time of the day, day of the week, climate condition | Sex, driving status, type of roads, no of passengers, the registration status of motorcycle, climate conditions (only for passengers) | 19 |
Ledesma [34] | 2006 | Mar del Plata, Argentina | Cross-sectional (observational) | 451 | Sex, type of motorcycle, climate condition, type of roads, time of the day | Sex, type of motorcycle, climate condition, type of roads | 17 |
Ledesma [35] | 2012 | Mar del Plata, Argentina | Cross-sectional (observational) | 2542 drivers and 664 passengers | Sex, driving status, type of motorcycle, climate condition, time of the day, day of the week, the registration status of the motorcycle, season | Sex, driving status, type of motorcycle, climate condition, time of the day, day of the week, the registration status of the motorcycle | 18 |
Saeed [36] | Not mentioned | Karachi, Pakistan | Cross-sectional (survey) | 400 female passengers | Education, opinions on helmet laws | Education | 19 |
Roehler [37] | 2011 | Cambodia | Cross-sectional (questionnaire) | 510 drivers, 410 passengers, and 99 proxied child passengers | Sex, driving status, reasons for using the helmet | Driving status | 18 |
Grummon [38] | 2010 | Ohio, USA | Cross-sectional (questionnaire) | 248 youth aged 9–15 years | Age, risky behavior, the parental reminder of helmet wearing, parental supervision, and perceived severity | The parental reminder of helmet-wearing, parental supervision, and perceived severity | 20 |
Li [39] | 2005 | Shantou and Chaozhou, China | Cross-sectional (observational and questionnaire) | 2325 interviews | Type of roads, time of the day, day of the week, KAP | Type of roads, time of the day, day of the week, KAP | 17 |
Trejo [40] | 2009 | Mexico | Cross-sectional (observational) | 26,046 drivers and 3971 passengers | Diving status, no of passengers, purpose of the trip, time of the day, day of the week, socioeconomic status of municipalities | Diving status, no of passengers, purpose of riding, socioeconomic status of municipalities | 19 |
Grimm [41] | 2011 | Delhi, India | Two-stage cross-sectional (questionnaire) | 1502 | Age, sex, marital status, education, religion, helmet ownership, no of children, type of roads, type of motorcycle, history of crashes, length of trips, insurance possession | sex, education, religion, no of children, insurance possession, length of trips | 15 |
Siviroj [5] | 2007 | Thailand | Cross-sectional (questionnaire) | 18,998 | Age, sex, engine size, time of the day, history of crashes, type of roads | Age, time of the day, history of crashes, type of roads | 17 |
Kulanthayan [42] | 1998 | Kajang, Malaysia | Cross-sectional (observational and questionnaire) | 500 (comparison between helmeted and non-helmeted or inappropriate helmeted riders | Age, sex, educational level, driving location, the length of the trips, driving experience | Age, sex, driving location, the length of the trips | 20 |
Conrad [43] | 1989 | Indonesia | Cross-sectional (observational and questionnaire) | 9242 drivers and 3541 passengers; 150 interviews | Sex, driving status, time of the day | Driving status, time of the day | 19 |
Papadakaki [44] | Not mentioned | Greece | Cross-sectional (questionnaire) | 405 | Age, sex, education, time of the day, alcohol consumption, the purpose of the trip, history of crashes, attitudes, season | Sex, education, time of the day, alcohol consumption, the purpose of the trip, history of crashes, attitudes | 20 |
Dandona [45] | 2009 | Hyderabad, India | Cross-sectional (questionnaire) | 4183 drivers | Age, sex, education, type of motorcycle, motorcycle ownership, reasons for using helmets | Age, sex, education, type of motorcycle, motorcycle ownership, reasons for using helmets | 16 |
Gkritza [46] | 2000–2006 | Iowa, USA | Cross-sectional (observational) | 27,521 | Climate conditions, type of roads, time of the day, month of the year, helmet sage by passenger/driver | Climate conditions, type of roads, time of the day, month of the year, helmet sage by passenger/driver | 19 |
Zamani-Alavijeh [47] | 2008–2009 | Tehran, Iran | Cross-sectional (observational and questionnaire) | 6010 drivers, 2215 passengers, and 31 (in-depth interviews) | Driving status, season, reasons for helmet use, history of crashes | - | 15 |
Pileggi [48] | 2004 | Catanzaro, Italy | Cross-sectional (questionnaire) | 898 youths (14–20 years of age) | Sex, alcohol consumption, a close friend who always uses helmets, driving status, history of crashes, performing sports activities, or riding over the speed limits | Sex, alcohol consumption, a close friend who always uses helmets, driving status | 19 |
Jomnonkwao [49] | Not mentioned | Thailand | Cross-sectional (questionnaire) | 401 urban and 400 rural drivers | Constitutes of HBM | Health motivation (i.e., importance of health; for urban areas), perceived severity (mortalities of not-wearing helmets), cue to action (advertisements), and perceived benefits (feeling safe; for rural areas) | 21 |
Devagappanavar [50] | 2017 | Bangalore, India | Cross-sectional (observational) | 1471 drivers and 920 passengers | Sex, driving status, driving location, time of the day, day of the week | Driving status, driving location, day of the week | 11 |
Satiennam [51] | 2012–2016 | Khon Kaen Province, Thailand | Cross-sectional (observational, using an automatic helmet-use detection system) | 42,821 drivers and 6,307 passengers | Age, driving status, number of passengers, time of the day, day of the week, type of motorcycle | Age (adults > children), driving status, number of passengers, time of the day, day of the week, type of motorcycle | 18 |
Olewinski [52] | Not mentioned | USA | Cross-sectional (questionnaire) | 125 athletes (scooter or moped drivers) | Reasons for helmet usage | The coach’s mandate has been the strongest predictor of helmet usage | 19 |
Siebert [53] | 2018 | Nepal | Cross-sectional (observational and questionnaire) | 1885 drivers and 663 passengers (observations); and 183 drivers and 36 passengers (interview) | Driving status, attitudes regarding fatalism, risk-personality, and helmet usefulness | Driving status, believing in fate as the cause of accidents, and presenting themselves as risk-taking persons have been higher among non-helmeted riders | 20 |
Fletcher [54] | 2016–2018 | Jamaica | Cross-sectional (questionnaire) | 155 hospital-admitted riders (139 drivers and 14 passengers) | Age, driving status, occupation status, type of motorcycle, license possession, insurance possession, riding training course | Age, driving status (only bivariate), type of motorcycle, license possession (only bivariate), insurance possession (only bivariate), riding training course | 16 |
Fathollahi [55] | 2016 | Iran | Cross-sectional (questionnaire) | 30,548 | Age, sex, education, income, marital status, type of residence, alcohol consumption | Age, sex, education, income, marital status, type of residence (urban > rural) | 18 |
Sankaran [56] | 2015 and 2016 | Mumbai, India | Cross-sectional (observational) | 28,209 and 37,245 | Age, sex, time of the day, day of the week, presence of passengers | Age, sex, time of the day, day of the week, presence of passengers | 16 |
Merali [57] | 2011–2016 | Bangkok, Thailand | Cross-sectional (observational) | 462 drivers | Type of roads, motorcycle use as taxi or non-taxi | Motorcycle use as taxi > non-taxi, type of roads (non-residential > residential) | 19 |
Adewoye [58] | Not mentioned | Nigeria | Cross-sectional (questionnaire) | 306 commercial drivers | Age, education, marital status, religion, the reason for using helmets | Age, education, marital status | 20 |
Babazadeh [59] | 2014–2016 | Charuymaq, Iran | Cross-sectional (questionnaire) | 150 rural drivers | Age, education, income, occupation, license possession, history of crashes, history of police fines | Education, income, history of police fines | 18 |