Behavioural Change Techniques in Health Coaching-Based Interventions for Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Table 5 Behaviour Change Techniques (BCTs) used in each intervention

	Effect size	Underpinning Theory	1.1goal setting (behaviour)	1.2 problem-solving	1.3 goal- setting (outcome)	1.4 action planning	1.5 review behaviour goal(s)	1.6 Discrepancy between current behavior and goal	1.7 Review outcome goals	1.8 behavioural contract	2.1 monitoring of behaviour by others without feedback	2.2 feedback on behaviour	2.3 Self-monitoring of behaviour
Frosch et al. (2011), U S [34]	− 0.05	NA	Χ			Χ	Χ
Glasgow et al. (2006), U S [35]	0.062	MI, CCM, SCT	Χ	Χ		Χ	Χ
Kim et al. (2015), U S [36]	0.292	MI, PPM	Χ	Χ	Χ
McKay et al. (2002), U S [37]	0.14	NA		Χ
Ruggiero et al. (2010), U S [38]	0.259	TTM	Χ	Χ
Sacco et al. (2009), U S [39]	0.172	CBT	Χ	Χ		Χ		Χ	Χ
Thom et al. (2013), U S [40]	0.383	MI	Χ			Χ
Whittemore et al. (2004), U S [41]	0.098	ACI	Χ	Χ	Χ
Willard- Grace et al. (2015), U S [42]	0.478	CCM, MI
Wolever et al. (2010), U S [43]	0.253	DIM		Χ	Χ
Chen et al. (2016), Taiwan [44]	0.78	NA
Lin et al., (2021), Taiwa n [45]	0.462	MI	Χ		Χ	Χ					Χ
Basak Cinar and Schou (2014), Turke y [46]	0.383	MI, SET	Χ		Χ	Χ
Sherifali et al., (2021), Canad a [47]	0.31	MI			Χ
Cho et al. (2011), Kore a [48]	0.328	NA										Χ
Holmen et al. (2014), Norwa y [49]	−0.167	MI, TTM	Χ	Χ									Χ
Karhula et al. (2015), Finlan d [50]	0.087	PTM	Χ			Χ							Χ
Kempf et al. (2017), German y [51]	0.713	NA	Χ										Χ
Odnoletkova et al. (2016), Belgiu m [52]	0.19	CF,MI, PPM		Χ
Varney et al. (2014), Australi a [53]	0.729	NA	Χ	Χ	Χ	Χ	Χ	Χ		Χ
n(%)			13 (65)	10 (50)	7 (35)	8 (40)	3 (15)	2 (10)	1 (5)	1 (5)	1 (5)	1 (5)	3 (15)

	2.4 self-monitoring of outcome(s) of behaviour	2.5 monitoring outcome(s) of behaviour by others without feedback	2.6 biofeedback	2.7 feedback on outcome(s) of behaviour	3.1 social support (unspecified)	3.3 social support (emotional)	4.1 instruction on how to perform a behaviour	8.7 Graded tasks	9.1credible sources	10.4 social reward	12.5 adding objects to the environment	13.2 framing/reframing	# of Used BCTs
Frosch et al. (2011), U S [34]									Χ				4
Glasgow et al. (2006), U S [35]			Χ	Χ	Χ				Χ				8
Kim et al. (2015), U S [36]	Χ											Χ	5
McKay et al. (2002), U S [37]	Χ		Χ	Χ	Χ				Χ		Χ		7
Ruggiero et al. (2010), U S [38]					Χ								3
Sacco et al. (2009), U S [39]				Χ	Χ			Χ		Χ			9
Thom et al. (2013), U S [40]						Χ							3
Whittemore et al. (2004), U S [41]						Χ				Χ			5
Willard- Grace et al. (2015), U S [42]													0
Wolever et al. (2010), U S [43]									Χ				3
Chen et al. (2016), Taiwan [44]					Χ								1
Lin et al., (2021), Taiwa n [45]					Χ								5
Basak Cinar and Schou (2014), Turke y [46]		Χ											4
Sherifali et al., (2021), Canad a [47]					Χ								2
Cho et al. (2011), Kore a [48]					Χ				Χ				3
Holmen et al. (2014), Norwa y [49]	Χ		Χ							Χ		Χ	7
Karhula et al. (2015), Finlan d [50]	Χ		Χ										6
Kempf et al. (2017), German y [51]	Χ		Χ	Χ									5
Odnoletkova et al. (2016), Belgiu m [52]							Χ						7
Varney et al. (2014), Australi a [53]													7
n(%)	5 (25)	1 (5)	5 (25)	4)20)	8 (40)	2 (10)	1 (5)	1 (5)	5 (25)	3 (15)	1 (5)	2 (10)

MI Motivational interviewing, SET self-efficacy theory, CCM chronic care model, SCT social cognitive theory, TTM transtheoretical model, TM Pfizer’s telecoaching model, PPM PRECEDE–PROCEED mode, CF Coach framework, CBT Cognitive behavioural therapy, ACI Adaptation to chronic illness, DIM Duke integrative medicine

ISSN: 1471-2458