Table 2 Sample-weighted Average Effect Sizes (ES) for Interventions Including vs. Excluding Specific BCTs

1.1

Goal setting (behaviour)

13

0.26 (0.12, 0.41)

0.33 (0.18, 0.47)

0.38

0.538

1.2

Problem solving

10

0.19 (0.07, 0.30)

0.37 (0.21, 0.52)

3.51

0.061

1.3

Goal setting (outcome)

7

0.35 (0.25, 0.45)

0.25 (0.11, 0.40)

1.01

0.315

1.4

Action planning

8

0.25 (0.08, 0.42)

0.32 (0.18, 0.46)

0.44

0.506

1.5

Review behaviour goal(s)

3

0.20 (−0.25, −0.64)

0.31 (0.21, 0.42)

0.37

0.545

1.6

Discrepancy between current behaviour and goal

2

0.46 (−0.09, 1.00)

0.27 (0.17, 0.38)

0.42

0.519

1.7

Review outcome goal(s)

1

–

–

–

–

1.8

Behavioural contract

1

–

–

–

–

2.1

Monitoring of behavior by others without feedback

1

–

–

–

–

2.2

Feedback on behaviour

1

–

–

–

–

2.3

Self-monitoring of behaviour

3

0.22 (−0.28, 0.73)

0.29 (0.19, 0.39)

0.06

0.808

2.4

Self-monitoring of outcome(s) of behaviour

5

0.23 (−0.05, 0.52)

0.30 (0.19, 0.41)

0.18

0.672

2.5

Monitoring of outcome(s) of behavior without feedback

1

–

–

–

–

2.6

Biofeedback

5

0.18 (−0.11, 0.46)

0.32 (0.22, 0.42)

0.82

0.365

2.7

Feedback on outcome(s) of behaviour

4

0.28 (−0.03, 0.58)

0.29 (0.18, 0.40)

0.00

0.951

3.1

Social support (unspecified)

8

0.30 (0.14, 0.45)

0.28 (0.13, 0.43)

0.02

0.884

3.3

Social support (emotional)

2

0.33 (0.12, 0.55)

0.29 (0.17, 0.40)

0.11

0.746

4.1

Instruction on how to perform a behaviour

1

–

–

–

–

8.7

Graded tasks

1

–

–

–

–

9.1

Credible source

5

0.08 (−0.04, 0.19)

0.34 (0.22, 0.46)

7.67**

0.006

10.4

Social reward

3

0.01 (−0.20, 0.22)

0.32 (0.21, 0.43)

3.92*

0.048

12.5

Adding objects to the environment

1

–

–

–

–

13.2

Framing/reframing

2

0.10 (−0.35, 0.54)

0.31 (0.20, 0.42)

0.82

0.365