A systematic review of the clustering and correlates of physical activity and sedentary behavior among boys and girls

Mello, Gabrielli Thais de; Bertuol, Cecília; Minatto, Giseli; Barbosa Filho, Valter Cordeiro; Oldenburg, Brian; Leech, Rebecca Maree; Silva, Kelly Samara

doi:10.1186/s12889-022-14869-0

Table 5 Summary of correlates examined and their associations with cluster types

From: A systematic review of the clustering and correlates of physical activity and sedentary behavior among boys and girls

Cluster Types
Correlates	High PA	High/Low PA	High/Low PA Low SB	High PA High SB	High PA Low SB	High PA High/Low SB	Low PA	Low PA High SB	Low PA Low SB	Low PA High/Low SB	High SB	High/Low SB	Low SB
Sociodemographic Factors
Age		0 ♂ [16] ≠ ♂ [16]	0 ♂ [16] ≠ ♂ [16] 0 ♀ [16] ≠ ♀ [16]	0 ♂ [17, 36] 0 ♀ [17] - ♀ older [36]	0 ♂ [17, 36] 0 ♀ [17] - ♀ older [36]			0 ♂ [16] ≠ ♂ [16] 0 ♀ [16, 17] ≠ ♀ [16]	0 ♂ [16, 17, 36] ≠ ♂ [16] 0 ♀ [17] + ♀ older [16, 36] ≠ ♀ [16]	0 ♂ [16] ≠ ♂ [16] 0 ♀ [16] ≠ ♀ [16]	0 ♂ [17] 0 ♀ [17]	0 ♂ [17]
Race/Ethnic	0 ♀ [40]			0 ♂ [36, 40] 0 ♀ [36]	0 ♂ [24, 36] 0 ♀ [36]	0 ♀ [24]		- ♀ white [24]	0 ♂ [24, 36, 40] 0 ♀ [36, 40]	0 ♂ [24] + ♀ white [24]	0 ♂ [40] 0 ♀ [40]
Parental Education	0 ♀ [40]			0 ♂ [17, 40] 0 ♀ [17]	0 ♂ [17, 24] 0 ♀ [17]	0 ♀ [24]		0 ♀ [17, 24]	0 ♂ [17, 24, 40] 0 ♀ [17, 40]	0 ♂ [24] 0 ♀ [24]	0 ♂ [40] - ♂ [17] 0 ♀ [17, 40]	0 ♂ [17]
Socio economic status/poverty	0 ♀ [40]	0 ♂ [16]	0 ♂ [16] ≠ ♂ [16] 0 ♀ [16]	0 ♂ [40]				0 ♂ [16] ≠ ♂ [16] 0 ♀ [16] ≠ ♀ [16]	0 ♂ [16, 40] 0 ♀ [16, 40] ≠ ♀ [16]	0 ♂ [16] ≠ ♂ [16] 0 ♀ [16] ≠ ♀ [16]	0 ♂ [40] 0 ♀ [40]
Live with 2 parents					0 ♂ [24]	+ ♀ [24]		- ♀ [24]	0 ♂ [24]	0 ♂ [24] + ♀ [24]
Marital status				0 ♂ [17] 0 ♀ [17]	0 ♂ [17] 0 ♀ [17]			0 ♀ [17]	0 ♂ [17] 0 ♀ [17]		0 ♂ [17] 0 ♀ [17]	0 ♂ [17]
Occupation				0 ♂ [17] 0 ♀ [17]	0 ♂ [17] 0 ♀ [17]			0 ♀ [17]	0 ♂ [17] 0 ♀ [17]		0 ♂ [17] 0 ♀ [17]	0 ♂ [17]
Work	+ [23]			0 [23] + [23]					0 [23] + [23]				0 [23] + [23]
Nationality				0 ♂ [36] - ♀ North America [36]	0 ♂ [36] - ♀ North America [36]				0 ♂ [36] + ♀ North America [36]
Grade					+ ♂ high 6th to 8th [24]	0 ♀ [24]		0 ♀ [24]	- ♂ less 6th to 8th [24]	- ♂ (less 6th to 8th) [24] 0 ♀ [24]
Academic grades	+ [23]			0 [23]					0 [23]				0 [23]
Free or reduced-price lunch					0 ♂ [24]	0 ♀ [24]		0 ♀ [24]	0 ♂ [24]	0 ♂ [24] 0 ♀ [24]
Adiposity variables
BMI	0 ♀ [40]			0 ♂ [36, 40] 0 ♂ age 9 [38] - ♂ [34] + ♂ age 13 [38] 0 ♀ [36]	0 ♂ [36] - ♂ [34] 0 ♀ [36] - ♀ [34]			0 ♂ [34] + ♂ age 9 and 13 [38] 0 ♀ [34]	0 ♂ [34, 36, 40] 0 ♀ [34, 36, 40]		0 ♂ [40] 0 ♀ [34, 40]
Waist circumference				- ♂ [34]	- ♂ [34] - ♀ [34]			0 ♂ [34] 0 ♀ [34]	0 ♂ [34] 0 ♀ [34] - ♀ [34]		0 ♀ [34] + ♀ [34]
Weight status				0 ♂ [17, 40] 0 ♀ [17]	0 ♂ [17, 24] 0 ♀ [17]			0 ♀ [17]	0 ♂ [17, 24, 40] 0 ♀ [17]	0 ♂ [24]	0 ♂ [17, 40] 0 ♀ [17]	0 ♂ [17]
Obesity				+ ♂ [26] + ♀ [26]				+ ♂ [26] + ♀ [26]	+ ♂ [26] + ♀ [26]
Overweight	0 ♂ [25] 0 ♀ [25]			0 ♂ [13] 0 ♀ [13]	- ♂ [24]	- ♀ [24]	0 ♀ [25]	+ ♂ [13, 25] + ♀ [13, 24]	+ ♂ [24, 25] 0 ♀ [13]	+ ♂ [13, 24] - ♀ [24] + ♀ [13]	+ ♀ [25]
Overweight + Obesity	0 ♀ [40]			0 ♂ [40]					0 ♂ [40] 0 ♀ [40]		0 ♂ [40] 0 ♀ [40]
Health risk behaviors
Delinquency	-[23]			0 [23]					-[23]				-[23]
Smoke	-[23]			-[23]					0 [23]				-[23]
Alcohol	-[23]			-[23]					+ [23]				-[23]
Drugs	-[23]			0 [23]					0 [23]				-[23]
Wear seatbelt	-[23]			-[23]					-[23]				-[23]
Sexual intercourse	-[23]			-[23]					0 [23]				-[23]
Truant	-[23]			-[23]					0 [23]				-[23]
Others factors
Sleeps ≥ 8 h	+ [23]			+ [23]					-[23]				+ [23]
Siblings and sports team participation				0 ♂ [17] 0 ♀ [17]	0 ♂ [17] 0 ♀ [17]			0 ♀ [17]	0 ♂ [17] 0 ♀ [17]		0 ♂ [17] 0 ♀ [17]	0 ♂ [17]
Meeting PA guidelines in adolescence	+ [37]			+ [37]					-[37]				+ [37]
Individual-level factors^a	- self-steem [23] 0 ♀ self-eficacy [40]			- self-steem [23] + ♂ self-eficacy [40]					0 self-steem [23] - ♂ self-eficacy [40]0 ♀ self-eficacy [40]		- ♂ self-eficacy [40]0 ♀ self-eficacy [40]		0 self-steem [23]
Interpersonal-level factors^b	0 ♀ [40]			0 ♂ [40]					0 ♂ [40] 0 ♀ [40]		0 ♂ [40] 0 ♀ [40]
School-level factors^c	0 ♀ [40]			0 ♂ [40]					0 ♂ [40] 0 ♀ [40]		0 ♂ [40] 0 ♀[40]

PA Physical activity, SB Sedentary behavior. ♂ indicates male only. ♀ indicates female only. + indicates positive association (higher average values or greater exposure). − indicates negative association (lower average values or lower exposure). 0 indicates no association. ≠ indicate difference
^*There was little variation in the relationship between PA patterns and self-esteem by gender
^aSelf-efficacy, Enjoyment, Perceived PA barriers, Perceived parent support for PA
^bParent support for PA, Sports/physically active lessons in past year, Screen devices in bedroom, Home PA equipment, Neighborhood safety
^cSchool index; ≠ differences in the comparison between clusters, without the possibility of identifying the direction of the association

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