Table 5 Characteristics of studies included in the Active transport comparison
Study ID | Study design (ROB) | Country | Intervention and comparison description | Participants | Outcomes reported |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Brown 2016 [60] | CBA | USA | Street improvements including new bike lanes, wider and better lit sidewalks. Participants living near (within 800Â m) the intervention street were compared with those living farther away | Adults who planned to stay in the neighbourhood for at least a year | Physical activity |
2. Benjamin Neelon 2015 [61] | CBA | USA | Built environment changes including new sidewalks and crosswalks Additional components: walking/running clubs in the elementary schools and in the community and provision of portable play equipment Compared to no intervention | Children attending elementary school in study communities, and their adult parents | Physical activity; Body weight and related measures |
3. Chapman 2014 [70] | CBA | New Zealand | Infrastructure upgrading e.g., footpath renewal, new tracks, new cycle paths, lighting, bike stands, shared space or pathway projects, etc Compared to no intervention | Occupants 10Â years and older in households randomly selected | Physical activity |
4. Dill 2014 [65] | CBA | USA | Installation of bicycle boulevards to reduce the speed and volume of motor vehicles and create a better environment for people on bicycles, compared to no intervention | Children aged 5 to 17 and adult parent or guardian physically able to ride a bicycle, have access to a working bicycle, and not be intending to move in the near future | Physical activity |
5. Frank 2019 [64] | CBA | Canada | Building of the Comox greenway, to improve conditions for bicyclists. The two-kilometre route consists of a mix of cycling facilities and other streetscape improvements Proximity to infrastructure changes was compared to those farther away | Residents in study communities with no plans to move during the study period | Physical activity |
6. Fitzhugh 2010 [57] | CBA | USA | Building of an urban greenway/trail to connect the pedestrian infrastructure with nearby retail establishments and schools Compared to no intervention | Individuals observed in study neighbourhoods | Physical activity |
7. Goodman 2013 [56] | CBA | UK | Connect2 Initiative: one flagship engineering project and improvements to cycle routes. One in Cardiff, where a traffic-free bridge was built over Cardiff Bay; Kenilworth, where a traffic-free bridge was built over a busy trunk road; and Southampton, where an informal riverside footpath was turned into a boardwalk. Towns implemented educational and promotional activities as well | Adults 18Â years and older living within 5 kms of the projects | Physical activity |
8. Hong 2016 [66] | CBA | USA | Building of new light rail line Those residing < ½ mile to the new infrastructure compared to those residing farther away (> ½ mile) | Households interested to participate in study | Physical activity |
9. Hirsch 2017 [67] | CBA | USA | Additions of the Hiawatha Trail (4.7 miles) and Midtown Greenway (5.5 miles); these provide 10.2 miles of off-road paved paths, including a dedicated bicycle/pedestrian bridge over a busy freeway Comparison: Before vs after changes for those near (25th percentile/1.08Â km) the infrastructure | Census data used | Physical activity |
10. Jung 2017 [59] | CBA | Korea | Design street project (including the improvement of sidewalks, public spaces, signs, fences, and other physical elements of the streets) vs typical street | 2016 + 15,686 responses | Satisfaction |
11. McDonald 2013 [62] | CBA | USA | Safe Routes to School (SRTS) programme: includes arms with education + covered bike parking, and with education + Sidewalks/crosswalks Compared to schools with no SRTS programme | Schools (classroom and parent surveys) | Physical activity |
12. Pazin 2016 [69] | CBA | Brazil | New avenue, parking lots, and an on-road walking and cycling route, built along the seashore Those living nearer (0-500 m) to the new infrastructure were compared to those farther away (501–1000) | Adults 18 years and older residing in study area | Physical activity |
13. Prins 2017 [63] | CBA | Scotland | Construction of a new 5-mile, six-lane section of motorway, to relieve through traffic on an existing urban motorway, promote economic regeneration, and remove traffic from local streets to create a more pedestrian- and cycle-friendly environment | Adults ≥ 16 years residing in study areas | Physical activity; Mental health |
14. Rissel 2015 [58] | CBA | Australia | New cycling infrastructure of 2.4 km length built by the City of Sydney as part of its expanding bicycle network Compared to no intervention | Individuals 18–55 years living in geographic proximity to study areas | Physical activity |
15. Østergaard 2015 [55] | CBA | Denmark | Physical environment changes in schools to increase cycling, including road surfacing, signposting and traffic regulation such as one-way streets and regulation of car drop off zones, plus 'soft' interventions (motivation and safety encouragement) Compared to no intervention | Public school children in 4th and 5th grade | Physical activity, Body weight and related measures; Adverse events (injuries) |
16. West 2011 [68] | CBA | USA | Building of a new greenway for recreational use Those living near the greenway (within .5 miles) were compared to those living far (within .51–1.0 miles) | Property owners living within 1 mile of the greenway | Physical activity |
17. Skov-Petersen 2017 [42] | ITS | Denmark | Improvements to two routes: cycle greenway (Vestvolden) and a cycle highway (Albertslund Route), including new surface and light conditions along a substantial part of the routes. Additional components: roller skate tracks, and a range of information activities including the establishment of an information centre, the installation of signs, and the publication of leaflets, audio guides, etc | Counts of participants using the routes | Physical activity |
18. Grunseit 2019 [40] | ITS | Australia | Construction of multi-use recreational walking and cycling loop trail | Data from two infrared pyroelectric counters on the trails | Physical activity |