Population: Children and adults living in study communities Setting: Communities and neighbourhoods in high-income countries Intervention: Changes in green or other spaces such as renovating or building playgrounds or parks, implementing playstreets, greening vacant lots or building multipurpose exercise facilities, to increase physical activity Comparison: control (no intervention or distance from intervention site) | |||
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Outcomes | № of participants (studies) Follow-up | Certainty of the evidence (GRADE) | Impact |
Physical activity assessed with: MVPA, meeting PA guidelines, TDPA, time walking, cycling or taking part in sports follow-up: range 1 weeks to 3.5 years | (12 observational studies) | ⨁◯◯◯ Very lowa,b | A range of effects reported across 12 studies: clear effect favouring the control in one study, unclear effect potentially favouring the control in four studies, unclear effect potentially favouring the intervention in four studies, and a clear effect favouring the intervention in three studies |
CVD mortality—not reported | |||
Diabetes mortality—not reported | |||
CVD morbidity—not reported | |||
Diabetes morbidity—not reported | |||
Body weight assessed with: BMI z-scores follow-up: 16 months | (2 observational studies) | ⨁◯◯◯ Very lowb | One study reported an unclear effect potentially favouring the intervention in children (Goldsby 2016 [44]) and the other an unclear effect potentially favouring the control in all ages (Richardson 2020 [50]) |
Blood pressure assessed with: self-report | (1 observational study) | ⨁◯◯◯ Very lowc | One CBA study (Branas 2011 [39]) indicates no effect of an intervention where vacant lots are greened to create a park-like setting) regression coefficient 0.63, 95% CI 0.32 to 0.94) |