Table 1 Distribution and prevalence of pneumonia based on household, children’s, mother’s and household environment in Nepal
Variable | Distribution | Children with pneumonia in last two weeks | Chi square (p-value) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | Yes | No | ||||
n | % | n | % | |||
Household Related Factors | ||||||
Place of Residence | ||||||
Urban | 4318 (64.9) | 68 | 1.6 | 4250 | 98.4 | 15.821 (0.00) |
Rural | 2340 (35.1) | 71 | 3.0 | 2269 | 97.0 | |
Family Size | ||||||
≤ 4 members | 1940 (37.0) | 50 | 2.6 | 1890 | 97.4 | 5.596 (0.02) |
> 4 members | 3302 (63.0) | 53 | 1.6 | 3249 | 98.4 | |
Wealth Quintile | ||||||
Lowest | 1550 (23.3) | 47 | 3.0 | 1503 | 97.0 | 9.466 (0.05) |
Second | 1366 (20.5) | 24 | 1.8 | 1342 | 98.2 | |
Middle | 1345 (20.2) | 25 | 1.9 | 1320 | 98.1 | |
Fourth | 1299 (19.5) | 22 | 1.7 | 1277 | 98.4 | |
Highest | 1098 (16.5) | 21 | 1.9 | 1077 | 98.1 | |
Ethnicity | ||||||
Disadvantaged | 3411 (65.1) | 56 | 1.6 | 3355 | 98.4 | 5.882 (0.02) |
Non-disadvantaged | 1831 (34.9) | 48 | 2.6 | 1783 | 97.4 | |
Media Access | ||||||
Poor Access | 4198 (72.6) | 92 | 2.2 | 4106 | 97.8 | 2.182 (0.34) |
Moderate Access | 1368 (23.7) | 22 | 1.6 | 1346 | 98.4 | |
Good Access | 213 (3.7) | 3 | 1.4 | 210 | 98.6 | |
Maternal Factors | ||||||
Age of Mother (n = 5781) | ||||||
< 20 years | 543 (9.4) | 15 | 2.8 | 528 | 97.2 | 2.792 (0.248) |
20 to 35 years | 4084 (70.6) | 86 | 2.1 | 3998 | 97.9 | |
More than 35 years | 1154 (20.0) | 18 | 1.5 | 1136 | 98.5 | |
Maternal Smoking (n = 6658) | ||||||
Yes | 188 (2.8) | 9 | 4.8 | 179 | 95.2 | 6.897 (0.01) |
No | 6470 (97.2) | 130 | 2.0 | 6340 | 98.0 | |
Mother’s Education (n = 6655) | ||||||
Illiterate | 1718 (25.8) | 33 | 1.9 | 1685 | 98.1 | 0.322 (0.57) |
Literate | 4937 (74.2) | 104 | 2.1 | 4833 | 97.9 | |
Child and Birth Related Factors | ||||||
Age (n = 6658) | ||||||
0–23 months | 2570 (38.6) | 70 | 2.7 | 2500 | 97.3 | 8.283 (0.00) |
24–59 months | 4088 (61.4) | 69 | 1.7 | 4019 | 98.3 | |
Sex (n = 6658) | ||||||
Male | 3502 (52.6) | 82 | 2.3 | 3420 | 97.7 | 2.334 (0.13) |
Female | 3156 (47.4) | 56 | 1.8 | 3100 | 98.2 | |
Birth order (n = 6558) | ||||||
1st | 5293 (80.7) | 104 | 2.0 | 5189 | 98.0 | 4.961 (0.08) |
2nd and 3rd | 1254 (19.1) | 34 | 2.7 | 1220 | 97.3 | |
> 3rd | 11 (0.2) | 0 | 0.0 | 11 | 100 | |
Birth interval (n = 6558) | ||||||
First birth | 5305 | 104 | 2.0 | 5201 | 98.0 | 4.629 (0.99) |
≤ 2 | 785 (62.7) | 18 | 2.3 | 767 | 97.7 | |
> 2 | 468 (37.3) | 16 | 3.5 | 452 | 96.6 | |
Birth Weight (n = 1616)a | ||||||
< 2500 g | 348 (21.6) | 10 | 2.9 | 338 | 97.1 | 0.016 (0.97) |
2500 g and more | 1268 (78.4) | 36 | 2.2 | 1232 | 97.2 | |
Place of delivery (n = 2147)a | ||||||
Non institutional | 539 (25.1) | 10 | 1.9 | 529 | 98.1 | 1.945 (0.16) |
Institutional | 1609 (74.9) | 48 | 3.0 | 1561 | 97.0 | |
Breast Feeding (n = 585)b | ||||||
Not exclusive | 221 (37.9) | 8 | 3.6 | 213 | 96.4 | 5.800 (0.02) |
Exclusive | 363 (62.1) | 3 | 0.8 | 360 | 99.2 | |
Nutritional Status | ||||||
Height for Age (n = 6456) | ||||||
Stunting | 2045 (31.7) | 53 | 2.6 | 1992 | 97.4 | 3.675 (0.05) |
Normal | 4411 (68.3) | 82 | 1.9 | 4329 | 98.1 | |
Weight for Age (n = 6622) | ||||||
Underweight | 1625 (24.5) | 52 | 3.2 | 1573 | 96.8 | 14.571 (0.00) |
Normal | 4997 (75.5) | 83 | 1.7 | 4914 | 98.3 | |
Weight for Height (n = 6477) | ||||||
Wasting | 795 (12.3) | 27 | 3.4 | 768 | 96.6 | 6.961 (0.01) |
Normal | 5682 (87.7) | 111 | 1.9 | 5571 | 98.0 | |
Household Environment Related Factors | ||||||
Fuel Use for Cooking (n = 5242) | ||||||
Clean Fuel | 2218 (42.3) | 44 | 2.0 | 2174 | 98.0 | 0.040 (0.84) |
Solid Fuel | 3024 (57.7) | 60 | 2.0 | 2964 | 98.0 | |
Location of Kitchen (n = 5242) | ||||||
No separate kitchen | 1372 (26.2) | 32 | 2.3 | 1340 | 97.7 | 1.150 (0.28) |
Separate kitchen | 3870 (73.8) | 74 | 1.9 | 3796 | 98.1 | |