Table 2 Explanatory variables summary in Iranian Integrated Road Traffic Injury Registry System (2015–2016) – crash database
From: Modeling road traffic fatalities in Iran’s six most populous provinces, 2015–2016
Variable | Viable level | Total crashes n (%) | Fatal crashes n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
Crash day | weekday | 150,730 (98.97) | 1,561 (1.03) |
weekend | 55,861 (98.80) | 676 (1.20) | |
Lightning | missing | 7,076 (99.34) | 47 (0.66) |
Day | 141,247 (99.15) | 1,206 (0.85) | |
night | 52,094 (25.35) | 850 (1.61) | |
twilight/dawn | 6,174 (3.02) | 134 (2.12) | |
Weather | missing | 7,204 (3.45) | 44 (0.61) |
clear/cloudy | 197,603 (94.62) | 2,130 (1.08) | |
foggy/stormy/dusty | 362 (0.17) | 6 (1.66) | |
rainy | 3,165 (1.52) | 51 (1.61) | |
snowy | 494 (0.24) | 6 (1.21) | |
Scene status | scene without exchanged details | 11,329 (5.43) | 113 (1.00) |
scene with exchanged details | 197,499 (94.57) | 2,124 (1.08) | |
Agent status | missing | 489 (0.23) | 4 (0.82) |
stayed at the scene | 200,887 (96.20) | 1,866 (0.93) | |
had left the scene | 2,261 (1.08) | 64 (2.83) | |
had been transformed to a hospital | 5,005 (2.4) | 123 (2.46) | |
had died at the scene | 186 (0.09) | 180 (96.77) | |
Zone type | missing | 2,088 (1.00) | 20 (0.96) |
smooth | 203,999 (97.69) | 2,104 (1.03) | |
rough | 745 (0.36) | 36 (4.83) | |
mountainous | 1,996 (0.96) | 77 (3.86) | |
Intersection control | missing | 64,571 (30.92) | 676 (1.05) |
No | 50,807 (24.33) | 677 (1.33) | |
Yes | 93,450 (44.75) | 884 (0.95) | |
Road lane line marking | missing | 70,701 (33.86) | 955 (1.35) |
broken line | 28,902 (13.84) | 219 (0.76) | |
no line | 100,575 (48.16) | 861 (0.86) | |
single solid line | 7,893 (3.78) | 192 (2.43) | |
double solid line | 757 (0.36) | 10 (1.32) | |
Road material | missing | 1,764 (0.84) | 20 (1.13) |
sand-soil | 206,548 (98.91) | 2,175 (1.05) | |
asphalt | 516 (0.25) | 42 (8.14) | |
Land use | missing | 3,131 (1.5) | 28 (0.89) |
residential | 126,501 (60.58) | 661 (0.52) | |
nonresidential | 34,464 (16.50) | 1,144 (3.32) | |
other uni-purpose areas | 18,818 (9.01) | 292 (1.55) | |
multipurpose area | 25,914 (12.41) | 112 (0.43) | |
Crash mechanism | missing | 2,474 (1.19) | 10 (0.40) |
single-vehicle crash | 25,431 (12.18) | 741 (2.91) | |
multiple-vehicle crash | 109,265 (52.32) | 581 (0.53) | |
involving vulnerable road users crash | 71,658 (34.31) | 905 (1.26) | |
View obstruction | missing | 8,401 (4.02) | 67 (0.80) |
no | 197,135 (94.40) | 2,107 (1.07) | |
yes | 3,292 (1.58) | 63 (1.91) | |
Crash position in riding lane | missing | 8,405 (4.02) | 70 (0.83) |
no | 5,920 (2.83) | 332 (5.61) | |
yes | 194,503 (93.14) | 1,835 (0.94) | |
Dry road surface | missing | 8,124 (3.89) | 61 (0.75) |
no | 4,635 (2.22) | 79 (1.70) | |
yes | 196,069 (93.89) | 2,097 (1.07) | |
Curved geometric design | missing | 8,496 (4.07) | 67 (0.79) |
no | 188,854 (90.44) | 1,852 (0.98) | |
yes | 11,478 (5.50) | 318 (2.77) | |
Vehicle factor | missing | 6,956 (3.33) | 42 (0.60) |
no | 200,611 (96.07) | 2,179 (1.09) | |
yes | 1,261 (0.60) | 16 (1.27) | |
Human factor | missing | 5,974 (2.86) | 36 (0.60) |
no | 46,344 (22.19) | 606 (1.31) | |
yes | 156,510 (74.95) | 1,595 (1.02) | |
First cause | missing | 97,652 (46.76) | 58 (0.06) |
more training | 61,455 (29.43) | 1,396 (2.27) | |
irresponsibility | 29,597 (14.17) | 346 (1.17) | |
more training & irresponsibility | 19,347 (9.26) | 403 (2.08) | |
failure of state organs | 190 (0.09) | 7 (3.68) | |
multiple factors | 587 (0.28) | 27 (4.60) | |
Prior cause | missing | 97,677 (46.77) | 59 (0.06) |
hasty driving | 51,299 (24.57) | 893 (1.74) | |
lack of attention to driving | 37,173 (17.80) | 738 (1.99) | |
hasty driving & lack of attention to driving | 15,558 (7.45) | 225 (1.45) | |
lacked skill | 3,763 (1.80) | 123 (3.27) | |
other | 3,358 (1.61) | 199 (5.93) | |
Direct cause | missing | 97,699 (46.78) | 58 (0.06) |
regulation | 88,782 (42.51) | 1,603 (1.81) | |
delay in sighting | 14,915 (7.14) | 335 (2.25) | |
overspending | 5,960 (2.85) | 209 (3.51) | |
Escaping crash in a wrong way or multiple factor | 1,472 (0.70) | 32 (2.17) | |
Collision type | missing | 50,439 (24.15) | 954 (1.89) |
rear-end collisions | 24,142 (11.56) | 490 (2.03) | |
T-bone collision | 59,238 (28.37) | 262 (0.44) | |
head-on collision | 48,528 (23.24) | 341 (0.70) | |
side-swipe collision | 20,846 (9.98) | 84 (0.40) | |
fixed-object collision | 5,635 (2.70) | 106 (1.88) | |
Crash province | Isfahan | 44,981 (21.54) | 573 (1.27) |
Fras | 19,111 (9.15) | 365 (1.91) | |
Khorasan Razavi | 23,895 (11.44) | 380 (1.59) | |
Khouzestan | 20,607 (9.87) | 420 (2.04) | |
East Azerbaijan | 11,607 (5.56) | 94 (0.81) | |
Tehran | 88,627 (42.44) | 405 (0.46) | |
Commuting area | missing | 1,472 (0.70) | 9 (0.61) |
urban | 170,090 (81.45) | 720 (0.42) | |
suburban | 32,824 (15.72) | 1,309 (3.99) | |
rural road | 3,467 (1.66) | 167 (4.82) | |
exclusive urban area | 511 (0.24) | 7 (1.37) | |
exclusive suburban area | 464 (0.22) | 25 (5.39) | |
Road type | missing | 2,013 (0.96) | 7 (0.35) |
freeway | 4,792 (2.29) | 130 (2.71) | |
expressway | 32,124 (15.38) | 357 (1.11) | |
main street | 117,309 (56.17) | 437 (0.37) | |
side street | 13,199 (6.32) | 69 (0.52) | |
main road | 27,672 (13.25) | 763 (2.76) | |
side road | 7,339 (3.51) | 302 (4.12) | |
rural road | 3,237 (1.55) | 155 (4.79) | |
alley | 1,143 (0.55) | 17 (1.49) | |
Road shoulder | missing | 8,361 (4.00) | 68 (0.81) |
asphalt | 175,670 (84.12) | 1,094 (0.62) | |
soil | 14,477 (6.93) | 610 (4.21) | |
unpaved | 10,320 (4.94) | 465 (4.51) | |
Road design | missing | 7,230 (3.46) | 48 (0.66) |
separated two-way road | 44,316 (21.22) | 593 (1.34) | |
unseparated two-way road | 104,386 (49.99) | 1791 (1.71) | |
one-way road | 52,896 (25.33) | 877 (1.66) | |
Road defect | missing | 7,292 (3.49) | 49 (0.67) |
no | 192,609 (92.23) | 1,859 (0.97) | |
pavement/ lightning defects | 4,118 (1.97) | 100 (2.43) | |
signs defects | 2,383 (1.14) | 84 (3.52) | |
geometric defects | 800 (0.38) | 44 (5.50) | |
multiple defects | 1,626 (0.78) | 101 (6.21) | |
Permitted speed (Km/h), cont | missing | 97,298 (46.59) | 0 (0.00) |
mean ± SD | 51.59 ± 25.15 | NA | |
Permitted speed | missing | 97,335 (46.61) | 52 (0.05) |
< = 30 | 32,835 (15.72) | 250 (0.76) | |
30–50 | 38,281 (18.33) | 417 (1.09) | |
50–60 | 18,055 (8.65) | 348 (1.93) | |
60–80 | 9,832 (4.71) | 277 (2.82) | |
80–95 | 5,556 (2.66) | 382 (6.88) | |
95–110 | 5,582 (2.67) | 409 (7.33) | |
110–120 | 1,352 (0.65) | 102 (7.54) | |
Road repairing status | missing | 98,216 (47.03) | 69 (0.07) |
no | 109,784 (52.57) | 2,132 (1.94) | |
yes | 828 (0.40) | 36 (4.35) | |
Vehicle type | missing | 1,843 (0.50) | 21 (1.14) |
light | 255,980 (69.14) | 1,496 (0.58) | |
heavy | 58,185 (15.72) | 1,028 (1.77) | |
tricycle/ bicycle/motorcycle | 54,200 (14.64) | 633 (1.17) | |
Vehicle safety equipment | missing | 6,174 (1.67) | 42 (0.68) |
no | 302,909 (81.82) | 2,776 (0.92) | |
yes | 61,125 (16.51) | 360 (0.59) | |
Vehicle color | missing | 86,038 (23.24) | 964 (1.12) |
low risk | 159,258 (43.02) | 1,347 (0.85) | |
high risk | 124,912 (33.74) | 867 (0.69) | |
Vehicle year produced, cont | missing | 247,867 (66.95) | 0 (0.00) |
mean ± SD | 7.61 ± 4.41 | NA | |
Vehicle life (yrs), cont | less than 5yrs | 40,748 (11.01) | 666 (1.63) |
5 to 9 yrs | 47,552 (12.84) | 862 (1.81) | |
10 to 14 yrs | 24,011 (6.49) | 384 (1.60) | |
15 and more than 15yrs | 10,030 (2.71) | 352 (3.51) | |
Vehicle plaque description | missing | 4,196 (1.13) | 98 (2.34) |
personal regional | 269,819 (72.88) | 1,737 (0.64) | |
other | 96,193 (25.98) | 1,343 (1.40) | |
Vehicle moving direction | missing | 187,745 (50.71) | 75 (0.04) |
cardinal direction | 177,321 (47.9) | 3,066 (1.73) | |
ordinal direction | 5,142 (1.39) | 37 (0.72) | |
Vehicle maneuver | missing | 190,031 (51.33) | 76 (0.04) |
moving forward | 159,030 (42.96) | 2,871 (1.81) | |
turning | 12,486 (3.37) | 103 (0.82) | |
overtaking | 275 (0.07) | 19 (6.91) | |
moving backward | 2,345 (0.63) | 35 (1.49) | |
stopping on the road | 4,283 (1.16) | 46 (1.07) | |
other | 1,758 (0.47) | 28 (1.59) | |
Vehicle remained effect | missing | 11,346 (6.35) | 139 (1.23) |
asphalt damage | 5,098 (2.85) | 159 (3.12) | |
detached parts | 98,032 (54.84) | 1,716 (1.75) | |
poured oil | 1,034 (0.58) | 21 (2.03) | |
other | 55,774 (31.20) | 552 (0.99) | |
multiple-effect | 7,462 (4.17) | 502 (6.73) | |
Driver fault status | missing | 17 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) |
at fault | 203,157 (54.88) | 2,176 (1.07) | |
not at fault | 167,034 (45.12) | 1,002 (0.60) | |
Driver gender | missing | 1,143 (0.31) | 22 (1.92) |
male | 334,122 (90.25) | 3,044 (0.91) | |
female | 34,943 (9.44) | 112 (0.32) | |
Driver education | missing | 52,555 (14.2) | 787 (1.5) |
illiterate | 5,606 (1.51) | 70 (1.25) | |
primary | 17,471 (4.72) | 170 (0.97) | |
nonacademic | 264,836 (71.54) | 2,027 (0.77) | |
academic | 29,740 (8.03) | 124 (0.42) | |
Driver job | missing | 95,748 (25.86) | 1,662 (1.74) |
jobs with high economic status | 225,475 (60.9) | 1,343 (0.60) | |
jobs with middle economic status | 23,252 (6.28) | 108 (4.09) | |
jobs with low economic status | 25,733 (6.95) | 165 (6.41) | |
Driver age (yrs), cont | missing | 24,782 (6.69) | 0 (0.00) |
mean ± SD | 36.47 ± 12.30 | NA | |
child | 4,306 (1.16) | 55 (1.28) | |
adult | 322,358 (87.07) | 2,616 (0.81) | |
Type of driving license | missing | 28,454 (7.69) | 419 (1.47) |
class A | 30,272 (8.18) | 454 (1.50) | |
class B | 127,669 (34.49) | 514 (0.40) | |
class C | 160,917 (43.47) | 1,585 (0.98) | |
motorcycle | 10,030 (2.71) | 23 (0.23) | |
no license | 12,866 (3.48) | 183 (1.42) | |
Driver injury type | missing | 2,955 (0.80) | 33 (1.12) |
not-injured | 312,673 (84.46) | 1,499 (0.48) | |
injured | 53,444 (14.44) | 511 (0.96) | |
dead | 1,136 (0.31) | 1,135 (99.91) | |
Driver total reason | missing | 167,553 (45.26) | 1,006 (0.60) |
lack of attention to the front | 64,610 (17.45) | 808 (1.25) | |
failure to yield right-of-way | 39,651 (10.71) | 152 (0.38) | |
failure to maintain vehicle control | 19,732 (5.33) | 466 (2.36) | |
changing direction abruptly | 16,266 (4.39) | 58 (0.36) | |
moving backward in reverse gear | 11,721 (3.17) | 47 (0.40) | |
failure to longitudinal distance control | 11,070 (2.99) | 21 (0.19) | |
other | 39,605 (10.70) | 620 (1.57) | |
Driver seat belt usage status | missing | 304,987 (82.38) | 1,832 (0.60) |
used | 36,400 (9.83) | 667 (1.83) | |
not used | 28,821 (7.79) | 679 (2.36) | |
Driver reaction | missing | 346,381 (93.56) | 2,788 (0.80) |
brake | 3,742 (1.01) | 96 (2.57) | |
deviation to the right | 131 (0.04) | 7 (5.34) | |
get out of the car | 43 (0.01) | 4 (9.30) | |
no reaction | 19,911 (5.38) | 283 (1.42) | |
Driver Judiciary cause | missing | 260,381 (70.33) | 1,038 (0.40) |
carelessness | 101,974 (27.55) | 1,893 (1.86) | |
other | 7,853 (2.12) | 247 (3.15) | |
Driver misconduct | missing | 359,692 (97.16) | 2,943 (0.82) |
spiral movement | 5,465 (1.48) | 43 (0.79) | |
over speeding | 2,861 (0.77) | 109 (3.81) | |
other | 2,190 (0.59) | 83 (3.79) | |
Passenger gender | missing | 110 (0.40) | 9 (8.18) |
male | 15,157 (55.12) | 886 (5.85) | |
female | 12,232 (44.48) | 605 (4.95) | |
Passenger education | missing | 15,008 (54.58) | 793 (5.28) |
illiterate | 840 (3.05) | 77 (9.17) | |
primary | 678 (2.47) | 42 (6.19) | |
nonacademic | 10,777 (39.19) | 573 (5.32) | |
academic | 196 (0.71) | 15 (7.65) | |
Passenger job | missing | 24,951 (90.73) | 1,370 (5.49) |
jobs with high economic status | 675 (2.45) | 17 (2.52) | |
jobs with middle economic status | 1,102 (4.01) | 86 (0.00) | |
jobs with low economic status | 771 (2.86) | 27 (0.00) | |
Passenger age (yrs), cont | missing | 3,160 (11.5%) | 0 (0.00) |
mean ± SD | 29.42 ± 15.63 | NA | |
child | 4,665 (16.96) | 294 (6.30) | |
adult | 18,336 (66.68) | 956 (5.21) | |
elderly | 1,338 (4.87) | 105 (7.85) | |
Passenger injury type | missing | 124 (0.45) | 1 (0.81) |
injured | 26,665 (96.97) | 790 (2.96) | |
dead | 710 (2.58) | 709 (99.86) | |
Passenger seat belt usage status | missing | 18,930 (68.84) | 977 (5.16) |
not used | 7,508 (27.3) | 430 (5.73) | |
used | 1,061 (3.86) | 93 (8.77) | |
Passenger injured organ based on ICD10 codes | missing | 15,260 (55.49) | 629 (4.12) |
S0-S1 (head) | 9,307 (33.84) | 750 (8.06) | |
S2-S3 (trunk) | 2,205 (8.02) | 311 (14.10) | |
S4-S6 (upper limb) | 2,695 (9.80) | 177 (6.57) | |
S7-S9 (lower limb) | 2,086 (7.59) | 116 (5.56) | |
other | 14,113 (51.32) | 639 (4.53) | |
Passenger fault status | missing | 12,732 (46.30) | 948 (7.45) |
at fault | 1,879 (6.83) | 162 (8.62) | |
not at fault | 12,888 (46.87) | 390 (3.03) | |
Passenger total reason | missing | 27,319 (99.35) | 1,482 (5.42) |
passenger fault | 180 (0.65) | 18 (10.00) | |
Pedestrian injury type | missing | 543 (2.01) | 3 (0.55) |
injured | 26,038 (96.34) | 46 (0.18) | |
dead | 446 (1.65) | 445 (99.78) | |
Pedestrian clothes color | missing | 14,807 (54.79) | 245 (1.65) |
light | 4,180 (15.47) | 86 (2.06) | |
dark | 8,040 (29.75) | 163 (2.03) | |
Pedestrian status | missing | 6,425 (23.77) | 132 (2.05) |
low-risk | 17,330 (64.12) | 209 (1.21) | |
moderate-risk | 3,039 (11.24) | 136 (4.48) | |
high-risk | 233 (0.86) | 17 (7.30) | |
Pedestrian injured organ based on ICD10 codes | missing | 22,628 (83.72) | 427 (1.89) |
S0-S1 (head) | 2,075 (7.68) | 55 (2.65) | |
S2-S3 (trunk) | 318 (1.18) | 17 (5.35) | |
S4-S6 (upper limb) | 732 (2.71) | 12 (1.64) | |
S7-S9 (lower limb) | 1,790 (6.62) | 14 (0.8) | |
other | 5,076 (18.78) | 91 (1.79) | |
Passage utilities | missing | 24,641 (91.17) | 446 (1.81) |
no | 1,139 (4.21) | 21 (1.84) | |
yes | 1,247 (4.61) | 27 (2.17) | |
Passage place status | missing | 24,528 (90.75) | 462 (1.88) |
allowed | 2,287 (8.46) | 22 (0.96) | |
not allowed | 212 (0.78) | 10 (4.72) | |
Pedestrian gender | missing | 69 (0.26) | 1 (1.45) |
male | 17,774 (65.76) | 371 (2.09) | |
female | 9,184 (33.98) | 122 (1.33) | |
Pedestrian education | missing | 16,778 (62.08) | 267 (1.59) |
illiterate | 1,124 (4.16) | 29 (2.58) | |
primary | 858 (3.17) | 19 (2.21) | |
non-academic | 8,087 (29.92) | 177 (2.19) | |
academic | 180 (0.67) | 2 (1.11) | |
Pedestrian job | missing | 25,697 (95.08) | 475 (1.85) |
jobs with high economic status | 499 (1.85) | 6 (1.20) | |
jobs with middle economic status | 179 (0.66) | 7 (3.91) | |
jobs with low economic status | 652 (2.41) | 6 (0.92) | |
Pedestrian age (yrs), cont | missing | 2,923 (10.82) | NA |
mean ± SD | 36.24 ± 21.75 | NA | |
child | 5,319 (19.68) | 70 (1.32) | |
adult | 14,454 (53.48) | 230 (1.59) | |
elderly | 4,331 (16.02) | 131 (3.02) | |
Pedestrian fault status | missing | 620 (2.29) | 6 (0.97) |
at fault | 1,406 (5.20) | 67 (4.77) | |
not at fault | 25,001 (92.50) | 421 (1.68) | |
Pedestrian total reason | missing | 26,515 (98.11) | 471 (1.78) |
unsafe crossings in urban areas | 377 (1.39) | 13 (3.45) | |
unsafe crossings in sub-urban area | 135 (0.50) | 10 (7.41) | |
Pedestrian transfer type | missing | 21,618 (79.99) | 429 (2.00) |
ambulance | 407 (1.51) | 4 (1.00) | |
crossing vehicle | 5,002 (18.51) | 61 (1.20) | |
Pedestrian judiciary cause | missing | 26,464 (97.92) | 466 (1.76) |
carelessness | 461 (1.71) | 9 (1.95) | |
other | 102 (0.38) | 3 (2.94) |