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Table 5 Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models for source of help for intimate partner violence (IPV) in the past 12 months. NFHS-3 (2005–2006) and NFHS-4 (2015–2016), India

From: Prevalence, pattern, and predictors of formal help-seeking for intimate partner violence against women: findings from India’s cross-sectional National Family Health Surveys-3 (2005–2006) and 4 (2015–2016)

 

NFHS-3

  

NFHS-4

  

OR

[95% CI]

P-Value

aOR1

[95% CI]

P-Value

aOR2

[95% CI]

P-Value

OR

[95% CI]

P-Value

aOR1

[95% CI]

P-Value

aOR2

[95% CI]

P-Value

 

Any help for the past 12-month intimate partner violence

     

Any IPV in last 12 months

 No

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

 Yes

1.4

[1.3, 1.5]

0.000

1.6

[1.5, 1.7]

0.000

1.5

[1.4, 1.6]

0.000

1.3

[1.2, 1.4]

0.000

1.3

[1.2, 1.4]

0.000

1.2

[1.1, 1.3]

0.000

Physical IPV in last 12 months

 No

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

 Yes

1.2

[1.2, 1.3]

0.000

1.4

[1.3, 1.6]

0.000

1.3

[1.2, 1.4]

0.000

1.0

[0.9, 1.1]

0.402

1.1

[1.0, 1.2]

0.115

1.0

[1.0, 1.1]

0.420

Sexual IPV in last 12 months

 No

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

 Yes

1.2

[1.1, 1.3]

0.000

1.3

[1.2, 1.5]

0.000

1.2

[1.1, 1.3]

0.000

2.0

[1.8, 2.2]

0.000

2.0

[1.8, 2.2]

0.000

1.6

[1.4, 1.7]

0.000

Emotional IPV in last 12 months

 No

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

 Yes

2.2

[2.1, 2.4]

0.000

2.3

[2.1, 2.4]

0.000

2.0

[1.9, 2.2]

0.000

2.4

[2.2, 2.6]

0.000

2.3

[2.1, 2.5]

0.000

2.1

[1.9, 2.3]

0.000

Spousal control

                  

 No

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

 Yes

1.6

[1.5, 1.7]

0.000

1.5

[1.3, 1.6]

0.000

1.4

[1.3, 1.5]

0.000

2.0

[1.8, 2.2]

0.000

1.9

[1.7, 2.2]

0.000

1.7

[1.5, 1.9]

0.000

 

Informal help for the past 12-month intimate partner violence

           

Any IPV in last 12 months

                  

 No

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

 Yes

1.4

[1.3, 1.5]

0.000

1.6

[1.5, 1.7]

0.000

1.4

[1.3, 1.6]

0.000

1.2

[1.2, 1.4]

0.000

1.3

[1.2, 1.4]

0.000

1.2

[1.1, 1.3]

0.000

Physical IPV in last 12 months

 No

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

 Yes

1.2

[1.2, 1.3]

0.000

1.4

[1.3, 1.6]

0.000

1.3

[1.2, 1.4]

0.000

1.0

[1.0, 1.2]

0.351

1.1

[1.0, 1.2]

0.101

1.0

[0.9, 1.1]

0.484

Sexual IPV in last 12 months

 No

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

 Yes

1.2

[1.1, 1.3]

0.000

1.3

[1.2, 1.4]

0.000

1.2

[1.1, 1.3]

0.001

1.9

[1.8, 2.1]

0.000

1.9

[1.7, 2.1]

0.000

1.5

[1.4, 1.7]

0.000

Emotional IPV in last 12 months

 No

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

 Yes

2.2

[2.0, 2.3]

0.000

2.2

[2.1, 2.4]

0.000

2.0

[1.8, 2.2]

0.000

2.4

[2.2, 2.6]

0.000

2.3

[2.1, 2.5]

0.000

2.0

[1.8, 2.2]

0.000

Spousal control

 No

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

 Yes

1.6

[1.4, 1.7]

0.000

1.4

[1.3, 1.6]

0.000

1.4

[1.3, 1.5]

0.000

1.9

[1.7, 2.2]

0.000

1.9

[1.7, 2.1]

0.000

1.7

[1.5, 1.9]

0.000

 

Formal help for the past 12-month intimate partner violence

             

Any IPV in last 12 months

 No

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

 Yes

1.2

[0.9, 1.5]

0.246

2.1

[1.5, 2.8]

0.000

1.8

[1.3, 2.4]

0.000

1.3

[1.0, 1.8]

0.082

1.6

[1.1, 2.2]

0.006

1.4

[1.0, 2.1]

0.050

Physical IPV in last 12 months

 No

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

 Yes

1.0

[0.7, 1.2]

0.795

1.7

[1.2, 2.3]

0.001

1.2

[0.9, 1.7]

0.267

1.0

[0.7, 1.3]

0.928

1.2

[0.8, 1.6]

0.390

0.8

[0.6, 1.2]

0.327

Sexual IPV in last 12 months

 No

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

 Yes

1.9

[1.5, 2.5]

0.000

2.4

[1.8, 3.2]

0.000

1.9

[1.4, 2.5]

0.000

2.7

[2.1, 3.6]

0.000

2.6

[1.9, 3.5]

0.000

1.9

[1.4, 2.6]

0.000

Emotional IPV in last 12 months

 No

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

 Yes

2.7

[2.1, 3.5]

0.000

3.1

[2.4, 4.1]

0.000

2.5

[1.8, 3.3]

0.000

3.6

[2.7, 4.8]

0.000

3.1

[2.4, 4.2]

0.000

2.7

[2.0, 3.7]

0.000

Spousal control

 No

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

1

  

 Yes

2.9

[2.0, 4.1]

0.000

2.2

[1.5, 3.3]

0.000

2.0

[1.4, 3.0]

0.000

3.0

[1.9, 4.8]

0.000

2.8

[1.7, 4.6]

0.000

2.3

[1.4, 3.7]

0.001

  1. NFHS National Family Health Survey, India
  2. Any IPV Physical, sexual or emotional IPV in last 12 months
  3. OR Crude odds ratio
  4. aOR1 Odds ratio adjusted with covariates for respondent marital status, age, number of children, education, religion, caste, socioeconomic quintile, respondent and husband education, employment, occupation, husband alcohol use, and women justifying spousal violence
  5. aOR2 Odds ratio adjusted with covariates for women’s marital status, age, number of children, education, religion, caste, socioeconomic quintile, respondent and husband education, employment, occupation, husband alcohol use, and women justifying wife-beating by husband plus covariates for physical, sexual, emotional IPV and spousal control
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