Table 1 Results of a systematic review on hepatitis C virus prevalence in incarcerated settings
Author | Publication year | Sample size | Enrolment dates | Prevalence HCV (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ab | RNA | |||||
Eastern Europe | ||||||
Azerbaijan | Azbel L et al. [23] | 2015 | 510 | 2014 | 38.2 | - |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | Hodzic H et al. [24] | 2017 | 200 | 2013 | 13.0 | - |
Estonia | Kivimets K et al. [25] | 2018 | 1,845 | 2014–2015 | - | 56.3 |
Georgia | Bergen-Cico D et al. [26] | 2017 | 500 | 2016 | 60.0 | - |
Harris AM et al. [27] | 2019 | 13,500 | 2013–2015 | 38.0 | 28.4 | |
Hungary | Vanya M et al. [28] | 2017 | 200 | 2014 | 1.0 | - |
Macedonia | Jovanovska T et al. [29] | 2014 | 200 | - | 20.0 | - |
Turkey | Keten D et al. [30] | 2016 | 266 | 2014–2015 | 17.7 | 8.6 |
Kose S et al. [31] | 2019 | 360 | - | 0.5 | - | |
Ukraine | Azbel L et al. [32] | 2013 | 402 | 2011 | 60.2 | - |
Western Europe | ||||||
Austria | Silbernagl M et al. [33] | 2018 | 133 | - | 74.4 | 45.0 |
Belgium | Busschots D et al. [34] | 2021 | 886 | 2019–2020 | 5.0 | 2.1 |
Denmark | Soholm J et al. [35] | 2019 | 801 | 2016–2017 | 7.4 | 4.2 |
France | Semaille C et al. [36] | 2013 | 2,154 | 2010 | 4.8 | 2.5 |
Roux P et al. [37] | 2014 | 5,957 | 2004–2010 | 5.2 | - | |
Jacomet C et al. [38] | 2016 | 342 | 2012–2013 | 4.7 | 1.5 | |
Izquierdo L et al. [39] | 2019 | 1,093 | 2017 | 2.9 | 1.1 | |
Ireland | Crowley D et al. [40] | 2019 | 422 | 2017 | 22.8 | 5.5 |
Italy | Brandolini M et al. [41] | 2013 | 695 | 2006–2008 | 22.4 | 19.4 |
Foschi A et al. [42] | 2016 | 3,400 | - | 10.0 | 6.0 | |
Masarone M et al. [43] | 2020 | 458 | 2018–2019 | 12.7 | 10.0 | |
Fiore V et al. [44] | 2021 | 2,376 | 2019 | 10.4 | 4.3 | |
Spain | Marco, A et al. [45] | 2014 | 2,377 | 1992–2011 | - | 4.9 |
Cuadrado A et al. [46] | 2018 | 847 | 2016–2017 | 13.0 | 10.2 | |
Jiménez Galan G et al. [47] | 2019 | 1,200 | 2015 | 12.4 | - | |
Cabezas J et al. [48] | 2021 | 548 | 2019–2021 | 8.0 | 2.9 | |
United Kingdom | Taylor A et al. [49] | 2013 | 4,904 | 2010–2011 | 19.0 | - |
Aisyah D et al. [50] | 2018 | 511 | 2011–2013 | 4.0 | 3.1 | |
Morey S et al. [51] | 2019 | 1,495 | 2016–2017 | 6.4 | 3.1 | |
Perrett S et al. [52] | 2019 | 256 | 2016 | 3.1 | - | |
Bhandari R et al. [53] | 2020 | 8,538 | 2016–2020 | 7.2 | 4.4 | |
Mohamed Z et al. [54] | 2020 | 2,442 | 2017–2019 | 3.7 | 2.6 | |
Perrett S et al. [55] | 2020 | 6,949 | 2015–2017 | 11.0 | - | |
Gahrton C et al. [56] | 2019 | 471 | 2017 | 17.0 | 11.5 | |
Switzerland | Chacowry P et al. [57] | 2018 | 273 | 2011–2013 | 6.2 | - |
Northern America | ||||||
Canada | Courtemanche Y et al. [58] | 2018 | 1,315 | 2014–2015 | 12.9 | - |
United States | Alvarez KJ et al. [59] | 2013 | 2,788 | 2009–2013 | - | 10.1 |
Cocoros N et al. [60] | 2014 | 596 | 2009–2011 | 20.5 | - | |
Wenger PJ et al. [61] | 2014 | 304 | 2012–2013 | 16.4 | - | |
Kuncio D et al. [62] | 2015 | 51,562 | 2011–2012 | 3.0 | - | |
Beckwith C et al. [63] | 2016 | 249 | 2012–2014 | 9.2 | 6.0 | |
Mahowald M et al. [64] | 2016 | 101,727 | 2004–2012 | 18.7 | 5.2 | |
Schoenbachler B et al. [65] | 2016 | 893 | 2012–2014 | 13.2 | 7.4 | |
Stockman LJ et al. [66] | 2016 | 1,239 | 2014–2015 | 12.5 | 8.9 | |
Akiyama M et al. [67] | 2017 | 10,856 | 2013–2014 | 20.6 | - | |
de la Flor C et al. [68] | 2017 | 3042 | 2015–2016 | 16.4 | - | |
Hochstatter K et al. [69] | 2017 | 22,918 | 2015 | - | 13.6 | |
Assoumou SA et al. [70] | 2019 | 24,567 | 2012–2016 | 20.0 | 7.0 | |
Abe C et al. [71] | 2020 | 4,089 | 2017 | 17.3 | 10.1 | |
Chan J et al. [72] | 2020 | 40,219 | 2014–2017 | - | 11.6 | |
Qureshi N et al. [73] | 2021 | 80,681 | 2000–2019 | 34.6 | - | |
Latin America | ||||||
Argentina | Adaszko D et al. [74] | 2018 | 2,181 | 2015–2017 | 3.3 | - |
Mendizabal M et al. [75] | 2020 | 1,141 | 2018–2020 | - | 1.1 | |
Brazil | Barros LA et al. [76] | 2013 | 148 | 2007–2008 | 6.1 | 3.4 |
Falquetto T et al. [77] | 2013 | 730 | 2010 | 1.0 | 0.8 | |
El Maerrawi I et al. [78] | 2015 | 680 | 2007 | 5.3 | - | |
Puga M et al. [79] | 2017 | 3,368 | 2013–2014 | 2.4 | 1.5 | |
Felisberto M et al. [80] | 2019 | 147 | 2015 | 5.4 | - | |
Machado F et al. [81] | 2019 | 349 | 2016–2017 | - | 8.3 | |
Do Nascimento CT et al. [82] | 2020 | 37,497 | 2017–2018 | - | 0.2 | |
Mexico | Bautista-Arredondo S et al. [83] | 2015 | 17,296 | 2010 | 3.2 | - |
Belaunzaran-Zamudio P et al. [84] | 2017 | 3,192 | 2011–2012 | 4.8 | - | |
Silverman-Retana O et al. [85] | 2017 | 391 | 2010–2011 | 3.3 | - | |
Central Asia | ||||||
Kyrgyzstan | Azbel L et al. [86] | 2016 | 368 | 2014 | 42.4 | - |
East Asia | ||||||
Taiwan | Yang TH et al. [87] | 2020 | 824 | 2019 | 33.5 | 23.2 |
South Asia | ||||||
India | Ramamoorthy M et al. [88] | 2016 | 1,381 | 2015 | 1.2 | - |
Tyagi SK et al. [89] | 2018 | 1,611 | 2016 | 10.4 | - | |
Indonesia | Prasetyo AA et al. [90] | 2013 | 375 | 2009 | 34.1 | |
Pakistan | Pervaiz A et al. [91] | 2015 | 5,894 | 2007–2009 | - | 14.6 |
Wali A et al. [92] | 2019 | 346 | 2017 | 10.4 | - | |
Sri Lanka | Niriella MA et al. [93] | 2015 | 393 | - | 6.9 | 0.5 |
West Asia | ||||||
Iran | Salem F et al. [94] | 2013 | 3,000 | 2008–2009 | 0.7 | - |
Ziaee M et al. [95] | 2014 | 881 | 2009–2010 | - | 7.7 | |
Khajedaluee M et al. [96] | 2016 | 1,114 | 2008 | 24.5 | 19.1 | |
Moradi G et al. [97] | 2018 | 6,200 | 2015 | 9.5 | ||
Ghafari S et al. [98] | 2019 | 300 | 2016 | 8.0 | - | |
Khademi N et al. [99] | 2019 | 1,034 | - | 22.2 | - | |
Moradi G et al. [100] | 2019 | 6,481 | 2016 | 8.2 | - | |
Sharafi H et al. [101] | 2019 | 1,788 | 2017–2018 | 5.9 | - | |
Hariri S et al. [102] | 2020 | 3,485 | 2017–2018 | 5.2 | 3.4 | |
Hariri S et al. [103] | 2020 | 1,892 | 2018 | 6.9 | 4.8 | |
Australasia | ||||||
Australia | Reekie JM et al. [104] | 2014 | 1,393 | 2004–2007-2010 | 29.8 | - |
Cunningham E et al. [105] | 2017 | 320 | 2005–2014 | 29.1 | - | |
Snow K et al. [106] | 2017 | 1,315 | 2008–2010 | 33.8 | - | |
Hajarizadeh B et al. [107] | 2021 | 3?691 | 2018 | - | 19.0 | |
Sullivan RP et al. [108] | 2021 | 12,153 | 2003–2017 | 4.7 | - | |
West Africa | ||||||
Senegal | Jaquet A et al. [109] | 2016 | 333 | 2014 | 0.6 | - |
Togo | Jaquet A et al. [109] | 2016 | 347 | 2013 | 0.3 | - |
Nigeria | Okafor IM et al. [110] | 2020 | 142 | 2018 | 29.6 | - |
Sub Saharan Africa | ||||||
Ethiopia | Wakjira K et al. [111] | 2017 | 156 | 2016 | 2.6 | - |
Kassa Y et al. [112] | 2021 | 339 | 2020 | 1.2 | - | |
Middle East and North Africa | ||||||
Egypt | Mohamed HI et al. [113] | 2013 | 500 | - | 15.8 | 12.2 |