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Table 3 Percentage of adolescent women in rural India who exclusively used hygienic methods during menstruation, by selected background characteristics, NFHS-5 (2019ā€“21)

From: Menstrual hygiene practices among adolescent women in rural India: a cross-sectional study

Background characteristics

No. of women exclusively using hygienic methods [N, weighted]

Percent of women exclusively using hygienic methods (weighted percentage)

Yes

No

Individual level variables

Age at menarche (in years)

Ļ‡2Ā =ā€‰84.14, pĀ <ā€‰0.001

ā€ƒā€‰ā‰¤ā€‰12

7368

44.7 [43.4,45.9]

55.3 [54.1,56.6]

ā€ƒ13ā€“15

31,986

42.3 [41.7,43.0]

57.7 [57.0,58.4]

ā€ƒā€‰ā‰„ā€‰16

1240

49.4 [46.9,51.9]

50.6 [48.1,53.2]

Age at marriage (in years)

Ļ‡2Ā =ā€‰67.93, pā€‰<ā€‰0.001

ā€ƒNot marriage

34,339

42.5 [41.9,43.2]

57.5 [56.8,58.1]

ā€ƒā€‰<ā€‰18ā€‰year

3515

40.1 [38.4,41.9]

59.8 [58.2,61.6]

ā€ƒā€‰ā‰„ā€‰18ā€‰year

2813

46.5 [44.8,48.3]

57.5 [51.7,55.3]

Respondentā€™s education

Ļ‡2Ā =ā€‰3784.92, pā€‰<ā€‰0.001

ā€ƒNo education

746

15.0 [13.7,16.4]

85.0 [83.7,86.3]

ā€ƒPrimary

1088

19.4 [18.0,20.9]

80.6 [79.1,82.0]

ā€ƒSecondary

35,302

44.5 [43.9,45.2]

55.5 [54.8,56.1]

ā€ƒHigher

3536

62.0 [60.1,63.8]

38.0 [36.2,39.9]

Religion

Ā 

Ļ‡2Ā =ā€‰726.11, pā€‰<ā€‰0.001

ā€ƒHindu

33,767

43.0 [42.3,43.6]

43.0 [56.4,57.7]

ā€ƒMuslim

4630

35.4 [33.7,37.1]

64.6 [63.0,66.3]

ā€ƒChristian

948

55.5 [52.2,58.8]

44.5 [41.2,47.8]

ā€ƒOthers

1326

61.9 [59.2,64.5]

38.1 [35.5,40.8]

Social groups

Ā 

Ļ‡2Ā =ā€‰669.44, pā€‰<ā€‰0.001

ā€ƒScheduled Caste

9734

42.4 [41.3,43.5]

57.6 [56.5,58.8]

ā€ƒScheduled Tribe

4076

36.6 [35.2,38.0]

63.4 [62.0,64.8]

ā€ƒOther Backward Classes

17,363

41.3 [40.4,42.1]

58.7 [57.9,59.6]

ā€ƒOthers

7442

51.2 [49.8,52.6]

48.8 [47.4,50.2]

Household wealth status

Ļ‡2Ā =ā€‰7990.03, pā€‰<ā€‰0.001

ā€ƒPoorest

4864

24.4 [23.4,25.4]

75.6 [74.6,76.6]

ā€ƒPoorer

6938

32.4 [31.4,33.3]

67.7 [66.7,68.6]

ā€ƒMiddle

8766

43.1 [42.0,44.2]

56.9 [55.8,58.0]

ā€ƒRicher

10,068

54.6 [53.5,55.7]

45.4 [44.3,46.5]

ā€ƒRichest

10,036

65.4 [64.2,66.6]

34.6 [33.4,35.8]

Region of residence

Ā 

Ļ‡2Ā =ā€‰9356.93, pā€‰<ā€‰0.001

ā€ƒNorth

7321

58.2 [56.8,59.6]

41.8 [40.4,43.2]

ā€ƒCentral

7563

24.9 [24.1,25.7]

75.1 [74.3,75.9]

ā€ƒEast

10,849

40.6 [39.3,41.9]

59.4 [58.1,60.7]

ā€ƒWest

5254

56.2 [54.4,58.1]

43.8 [41.9,45.7]

ā€ƒSouth

8519

67.5 [65.7,69.2]

32.5 [30.8,34.3]

ā€ƒNorth-east

1165

30.1 [28.5,31.8]

69.9 [68.2,71.5]

Type of home

Ā 

Ļ‡2Ā =ā€‰18.86, pĀ <ā€‰0.017

ā€ƒMarital

4803

44.3 [42.8,45.7]

55.8 [54.3,57.2]

ā€ƒNatal

35,690

42.4 [41.7,43.0]

57.6 [57.0,58.3]

ā€ƒOther

59

39.0 [30.7,48.0]

61.0 [52.0,69.3]

ā€ƒHead of the household

119

36.9 [29.9,44.5]

63.1 [55.5,70.2]

Exposure to mass media

Ļ‡2Ā =ā€‰4628.47, pā€‰<ā€‰0.001

ā€ƒNo exposure

5969

25.5 [24.6,26.5]

74.5 [73.6,75.4]

ā€ƒLow exposure

19,866

43.8 [43.0,44.5]

56.2 [55.5,57.0]

ā€ƒMedium exposure

12,921

55.3 [54.3,56.3]

44.7 [43.7,45.7]

ā€ƒHigh exposure

1916

56.7 [54.3,59.1]

43.3 [40.9,45.7]

Discussed menstrual hygiene with healthcare worker

Ļ‡2Ā =ā€‰74.28, pā€‰<ā€‰0.001

ā€ƒNo

39,531

42.4 [41.0,43.7]

57.7 [57.0,58.3]

ā€ƒYes

1140

51.5 [48.5,54.6]

48.5 [45.4,51.5]

Working status

Ļ‡2Ā =ā€‰53.52 pā€‰<ā€‰0.001

ā€ƒNot working

5350

42.5 [41.1,44.0]

57.8 [56.0,58.9]

ā€ƒWorking

563

33.8 [30.7,37.0]

66.2 [63.0,69.3]

Respondent owns a bank account

Ļ‡2Ā =ā€‰157.30,Ā pĀ <ā€‰0.001

ā€ƒNo

1591

34.2 [32.2,36.3]

65.8 [63.7,67.8]

ā€ƒYes

4322

45.0 [43.4,46.7]

55.0 [53.3,56.6]

Respondent owns a mobile phone

Ļ‡2Ā =ā€‰199.93, pā€‰<ā€‰0.001

ā€ƒNo

3935

38.0 [36.4,39.6]

62.0 [60.4,63.6]

ā€ƒYes

1977

50.9 [48.6,53.2]

49.1 [46.8,51.5]

Community level variables

Proportion of women with secondary level of education in PSU

Ļ‡2Ā =ā€‰4842.97, pā€‰<ā€‰0.001

ā€ƒ0ā€“25%

7978

72.0 [71.0,73.0]

28.0 [27.0,29.0]

ā€ƒ26ā€“50%

11,983

60.9 [59.8,61.9]

39.1 [38.1,40.2]

ā€ƒā€‰>ā€‰50%

20,272

45.1 [44.1,46.1]

54.9 [54.0,55.9]

Proportion of poor women in PSU

Ļ‡2Ā =ā€‰5589.15, pā€‰<ā€‰0.001

ā€ƒ0ā€“25%

21,148

43.2 [42.2,44.2]

56.8 [55.9,57.8]

ā€ƒ26ā€“50%

8330

59.5 [58.3,60.8]

40.5 [39.2,41.7]

ā€ƒā€‰>ā€‰50%

10,755

70.1 [69.2,71.0]

29.9 [29.0,30.8]

Proportion of SC/ST women in PSU

Ļ‡2Ā =ā€‰14.03, pĀ =ā€‰0.1672

ā€ƒ0ā€“25%

16,985

56.8 [55.8,57.7]

43.2 [42.3,44.2]

ā€ƒ26ā€“50%

8272

58.3 [57.0,59.6]

41.7 [40.4,43.0]

ā€ƒā€‰>ā€‰50%

14,471

57.3 [56.2,58.4]

42.7 [41.6,43.8]

Total

40,223

57.4

42.6

  1. Note: Figures in parentheses are 95% confidence interval; Ļ‡2 test applied for each variable, PSU: primary sampling units