Table 3 Bivariate association between Symptoms of Acute Respiratory Illness (ARI) and selected characteristics of children and households in WAEMU countries

Household level of air pollution

 low level of pollution

8.5

9.8

3.2

2.2

9.4

11.3

1.3

1.0

33.4

34.5

6.9

7.6

 medium level of pollution

44.1

46.8

31.3

35.3

50.8

48.9

69.7

71.9

60.5

60.1

44.6

55.3

 high level of pollution

47.4

43.4

65.5

62.5

39.8

39.8

29.0

27.1

6.1

5.4

48.5

37.1

 p-value

0.194

0.356

0.718

0.636

0.720

 < 0.001

Type of place of residence

 urban

30.3

39.7

26.5

26.5

38.6

42.5

18.5

20.8

41.8

36.8

34.9

46.1

 rural

69.7

60.3

73.5

73.5

61.4

57.5

81.5

79.2

58.2

63.2

65.1

53.9

 p-value

 < 0.001

0.999

0.420

0.586

0.046

 < 0.001

Source of drinking water

 unimproved

36.3

32.4

24.0

20.5

21.6

24.0

34.0

32.3

18.9

20.1

40.4

32.0

 improved

63.7

67.6

76.0

79.5

78.4

76.0

66.0

67.7

81.1

79.9

59.6

68.0

 p-value

0.105

0.253

0.570

0.692

0.482

0.012*

Location of source for water

 in own dwelling/yard/plot

15.2

15.7

3.5

3.7

16.1

17.6

19.4

16.4

11.3

13.8

7.1

8.2

 elsewhere

84.8

84.3

96.5

96.3

83.9

82.4

80.6

83.5

88.7

86.2

92.9

91.8

 p-value

0.801

0.880

0.709

0.321

0.249

0.530

Type of toilet facility

 unimproved

14.8

12.6

6.3

8.4

20.3

17.0

40.7

36.0

17.0

19.2

8.7

8.7

 improved

23.2

28.7

34.0

34.9

39.8

46.2

49.1

54.4

71.7

65.6

37.1

43.8

 bush/field

62.0

58.7

59.7

56.8

39.9

36.8

10.2

9.6

11.4

15.2

54.3

47.5

 p-value

0.036

0.501

0.396

0.433

0.006

0.064

Shared toilet with other households

 yes

70.5

64.8

45.2

52.3

58.5

65.0

35.2

43.4

26.5

23.8

70.3

73.3

 no

29.5

35.2

54.8

47.7

41.5

35.0

64.8

56.6

73.5

76.2

29.7

26.7

 p-value

0.062

0.126

0.194

0.075

0.203

0.484

Hand washing place inside the house

 observed place

54.5

56.6

78.2

80.9

55.6

51.7

66.6

68.7

51.9

41.9

16.2

17.0

 not observed place

45.5

43.4

21.8

19.1

44.4

48.3

33.4

31.3

48.1

58.1

83.8

83.0

 p-value

0.393

0.437

0.416

0.617

 < 0.0001

0.7157

Mother's age in years

  < 18

1.5

0.8

1.4

0.8

2.6

2.5

1.9

2.0

1.2

1.0

0.8

1.2

 18—24

27.6

30.1

30.0

30.1

29.3

31.0

24.2

27.1

25.3

21.4

20.6

20.3

 25—34

52.7

44.5

46.8

44.5

47.1

46.5

46.7

48.8

50.1

50.2

55.0

52.5

  > 34

18.3

24.6

21.8

24.6

21.0

20.0

27.2

22.0

23.4

27.4

23.6

25.9

 p-value

0.008

0.594

0.958

0.204

0.065

0.726

Mother's educational level

 no education

66.7

65.5

77.2

78.7

57.8

56.9

72.2

73.2

57.1

62.0

44.1

37.4

 higher

1.0

1.4

0.6

1.3

1.3

1.5

1.8

1.3

2.3

2.1

1.9

1.8

 secondary

13.5

15.0

9.9

8.2

12.4

11.3

15.5

13.7

16.2

13.4

18.2

24.0

 primary

18.8

18.1

12.3

11.9

28.5

30.3

10.5

11.8

24.4

22.4

35.8

36.7

 p-value

0.564

0.652

0.925

0.693

0.206

0.059

Children’s current age

  < 1

32.7

22.3

24.2

23.5

25.6

18.8

23.9

21.5

27.1

19.3

23.0

18.3

 1—2

24.1

19.5

27.8

26.9

22.6

27.2

25.4

21.2

23.8

20.5

26.5

24.6

 2 – 3

17.4

18.7

21.3

22.4

20.9

21.9

19.7

18.2

21.3

19.5

18.0

23.0

  ≥ 3

25.8

39.6

26.8

27.3

30.9

32.1

31.0

39.1

27.9

40.7

32.4

34.1

 p-value

 < 0.001

0.957

0.034

0.006

 < 0.001

0.026

Children’s Sex

 male

51.0

50.5

53.9

52.9

47.9

47.4

48.9

50.8

50.6

51.3

49.5

49.9

 female

49.0

49.5

46.1

47.1

52.1

52.6

51.1

49.2

49.4

48.7

50.5

50.1

 p-value

0.815

0.756

0.889

0.517

0.756

0.859

Low birth weight infant

 yes

5.9

7.0

11.3

9.8

9.3

8.9

4.7

5.2

8.0

7.1

6.1

6.8

 no

94.1

93.0

88.7

90.2

90.7

91.1

95.3

94.8

92.0

92.0

93.9

93.2

 p-value

0.296

0.403

0.843

0.638

0.465

0.584