Associations between the food environment and food and drink purchasing using large-scale commercial purchasing data: a cross-sectional study

Table 8 Region-specific parameter estimates and 95% CI of OOH purchasing associated with food environment exposures

	Adjusted Estimates
Exposure	Region	IR	95% CI	p value
Density of all supermarkets	London	0.986	0.964; 1.008	0.569
	NE	0.976	0.956; 0.996	0.093
Distance to any supermarket	London	1.007	0.805; 1.260	0.953
	NE	1.010	0.895; 1.140	0.983
Density of restaurants	London	0.991	0.978; 1.005	0.569
	NE	0.989	0.980; 0.999	0.093
Distance to restaurants	London	1.079	0.876; 1.329	0.763
	NE	1.038	0.931; 1.156	0.707
Density of takeaway outlets	London	0.987	0.954; 1.021	0.763
	NE	0.978	0.957; 0.999	0.112
Distance to takeaway outlets	London	0.992	0.821; 1.200	0.953
	NE	0.999	0.905; 1.103	0.983
Composition of food environments
More OOH	London	0.742	0.524; 1.052	0.569
	NE	0.830	0.664; 1.036	0.200
No outlets	London	0.857	0.401; 1.831	0.921
	NE	0.874	0.574; 1.331	0.707

95% CI 95% confidence interval, OOH out of home, IR Incidence Rate, NE North of England. Effect estimates of density measures refer to a change in incidence rate in response to an increase of 1 m/km². Effect estimates of distance measures refer to a change in incidence rate in response to an increase of 500 m. The reference category for the composition of food environments is neighbourhoods with more supermarkets
All models were adjusted for age, sex NRS social grade, number of children and adults in the household, region, area deprivation and population density, and interactions between region and NRS social grade, area deprivation, and population density. p values were adjusted for multiple testing using the Benjamini-Hochberg method

ISSN: 1471-2458