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Table 7 Region-specific parameter estimates and 95% CI of take-home purchase outcomes associated with food environment exposures

From: Associations between the food environment and food and drink purchasing using large-scale commercial purchasing data: a cross-sectional study

 

Adjusted Estimates

Frequency

Total Calories

Calories from FV

Calories from HFSS

Calories from UPF

Alcohol volume

Exposure

Region

IR

95% CI

p value

IR

95% CI

p value

IR

95% CI

P value

IR

95% CI

p value

IR

95% CI

p value

IR

95% CI

p value

Density of chain supermarkets

London

1.004

0.988; 1.021

0.900

1.010

0.997; 1.024

0.545

0.997

0.977; 1.018

0.891

0.999

0.992; 1.005

0.788

1.004

0.996; 1.013

0.693

0.963

0.910; 1.020

0.502

NE

1.006

0.994; 1.017

0.646

1.006

0.997; 1.016

0.514

0.999

0.985; 1.013

0.988

1.003

0.998; 1.007

0.531

1.005

0.999; 1.1011

0.335

0.965

0.928; 1.004

0.150

Distance to chain supermarkets

London

1.033

0.992; 1.077

0.475

1.013

0.979; 1.048

0.724

1.018

0.967; 1.073

0.891

1.009

0.992; 1.025

0.415

1.004

0.983; 1.026

0.922

1.099

0.952; 1.268

0.502

NE

1.009

0.987; 1.031

0.646

1.007

0.989; 1.025

0.514

1.010

0.983; 1.038

0.763

1.003

0.994; 1.011

0.807

0.998

0.987; 1.009

0.741

1.046

0.970; 1.128

0.322

Density of independent supermarkets

London

0.998

0.992; 1.004

0.900

1.000

0.995; 1.005

0.981

1.002

0.994; 1.009

0.891

0.997

0.994; 0.999

0.067

0.998

0.995; 1.001

0.693

0.988*

0.967; 1.009

0.502

NE

0.998

0.990; 1.006

0.704

1.002

0.996; 1.009

0.514

1.004

0.994; 1.013

0.763

0.999

0.996; 1.002

0.807

0.997

0.993; 1.001

0.363

0.952*

0.927; 0.978

0.003

Distance to independent supermarkets

London

0.995

0.954; 1.039

0.900

1.018

0.984; 1.054

0.724

0.998

0.946; 1.053

0.940

1.014

0.997; 1.031

0.176

1.018

0.996; 1.040

0.693

0.988

0.852; 1.146

0.875

NE

0.992

0.971; 1.014

0.646

1.008

0.990; 1.026

0.514

1.000

0.972; 1.028

0.988

1.006

0.997; 1.015

0.531

1.006

0.995; 1.018

0.538

0.992

0.919; 1.071

0.844

Density of OOH outlets

London

1.001

0.999; 1.003

0.873

1.000

0.998; 1.002

0.981

1.001

0.998; 1.003

0.891

0.999

0.999; 1.000

0.176

1.000

0.999; 1.001

0.958

0.997

0.990; 1.004

0.609

NE

1.001

0.999; 1.003

0.646

0.999

0.998; 1.001

0.514

1.000

0.998; 1.002

0.988

1.000

0.999; 1.001

0.807

1.000

0.999; 1.001

0.741

0.995

0.989; 1.001

0.150

Distance to OOH outlets

London

1.054

1.002; 1.109

0.336

1.019

0.977; 1.062

0.724

1.030

0.966; 1.099

0.891

1.001

0.981; 1.021

0.926

0.999

0.974; 1.026

0.958

1.298*

1.089; 1.549

0.030

NE

1.018

0.992; 1.046

0.646

1.010

0.989; 1.032

0.514

1.019

0.985; 1.053

0.753

0.998

0.988; 1.009

0.807

0.994

0.981; 1.007

0.602

1.139*

1.039; 1.248

0.023

Composition of food environments

More OOH

London

0.995

0.992; 1.074

0.900

1.013

0.952; 1.078

0.919

1.078

0.978; 1.187

0.891

0.973

0.944; 1.003

0.176

0.981

0.944; 1.021

0.693

1.042

0.799; 1.360

0.869

NE

0.997

0.948; 1.048

0.895

0.984

0.944; 1.025

0.514

1.051

0.987; 1.121

0.577

0.983

0.964; 1.003

0.531

0.978

0.953; 1.003

0.335

1.054

0.885; 1.257

0.633

No outlets

London

1.013

0.868; 1.182

0.900

1.142*

1.006; 1.296

0.315

1.121

0.922; 1.364

0.891

1.052

0.989; 1.119

0.176

1.030

0.951; 1.115

0.749

1.165

0.679; 1.998

0.772

NE

0.948

0.867; 1.037

0.646

1.025*

0.952; 1.103

0.514

1.089

0.971; 1.220

0.577

1.006

0.970; 1.042

0.807

0.990

0.945; 1.036

0.741

1.264

0.924; 1.729

0.228

  1. 95% CI 95% confidence interval, IR Incidence Rate, NE North of England, OOH out of home
  2. *Effect interaction was detected (p<0.005)
  3. Effect estimates of density measures refer to a change in incidence rate in response to an increase of 1 m/km2. Effect estimates of distance measures refer to a change in incidence rate in response to an increase of 500 m. The reference category for the composition of food environments is neighbourhoods with more supermarkets
  4. All models were adjusted for age, sex and NRS social grade of the main shopper, number of children and adults in the household, region, area deprivation and population density, and interactions between region and NRS social grade, area deprivation, and population density. p values were adjusted for multiple testing using the Benjamini-Hochberg method