Table 3 Weighted binary logistic regression on social determinants of health predicting psychological distress across race/ethnicity ^a

Social Determinants of Health

 Economic stability

  Employment (ref = unemployed)

   Employed

0.71***

(0.59, 0.84)

0.65***

(0.52, 0.80)

0.88

(0.65, 1.19)

0.47**

(0.28, 0.77)

  Food security (ref = Food insecurity)

   Food security but below 200% FPL

0.57**

(0.41, 0.78)

0.58***

(0.44, 0.78)

0.72

(0.40, 1.30)

0.76

(0.30, 1.88)

   Above 200% FPL

0.47***

(0.34, 0.64)

0.65**

(0.49, 0.85)

0.73

(0.43, 1.22)

0.90

(0.47, 1.72)

  Housing stability (ref = rent or other arrangement)

   Owning a home

0.76***

(0.66, 0.88)

0.97

(0.81, 1.17)

0.85

(0.64, 1.14)

1.23

(0.74, 2.03)

 Education

  Educational Attainment (ref = below bachelor’s degree)

   Bachelor’s degree or above

1.05

(0.94, 1.17)

1.12

(0.90, 1.38)

0.98

(0.71, 1.34)

1.72**

(1.17, 2.54)

  English Proficiency (ref = not well/not at all) ^b

  Speak English well/very well

0.17

(0.02, 1.42)

1.01

(0.74, 1.38)

0.70

(0.45, 1.11)

   Only speak English

0.20

(0.02, 1.74)

1.13

(0.82, 1.57)

0.66

(0.43, 1.00)

1.71

(0.57, 5.10)

 Health care access and quality

  Usual source for health care (except EMR) (ref = no)

   Yes

0.81

(0.66, 1.00)

0.84

(0.67, 1.06)

0.79

(0.55, 1.13)

0.43*

(0.22, 0.83)

  Delayed Medical Care (ref = No)

   Yes

2.64***

(2.30, 3.04)

2.40***

(1.96, 2.95)

2.25***

(1.60, 3.18)

3.10***

(1.73, 5.57)

 Social and community context

  Neighborhood social cohesion

0.91*

(0.85, 0.99)

0.93

(0.85, 1.02)

1.00

(0.86, 1.15)

0.97

(0.78, 1.22)

 Neighborhood and built environment

  Neighborhood safety

0.69***

(0.62, 0.76)

0.69***

(0.61, 0.78)

0.69***

(0.59, 0.82)

0.56**

(0.39, 0.80)

 Covariates

  Age (ref = young adults 18-44yrs)

   Middle-aged adults (45–64 yrs)

0.44***

(0.37, 0.53)

0.50***

(0.41, 0.61)

0.36***

(0.28, 0.46)

0.36***

(0.21, 0.59)

   Older adults (65yrs and older)

0.23***

(0.19, 0.29)

0.34***

(0.25, 0.46)

0.31***

(0.19, 0.51)

0.22***

(0.11, 0.43)

  Gender (ref = male)

   Female

1.35***

(1.18, 1.55)

1.25*

(1.03, 1.52)

1.27*

(1.01, 1.59)

1.53

(1.00, 2.32)

COVID-19 pandemic challenge

1.32***

(1.20, 1.45)

1.27***

(1.15, 1.39)

1.46***

(1.27, 1.68)

1.33*

(1.02, 1.74)

Risk of severe illness from COVID-19

1.13***

(1.07, 1.20)

1.10*

(1.01, 1.20)

1.08

(0.96, 1.21)

1.40**

(1.14, 1.71)

Number of observations

13,275

4160

2644

718

Goodness of fit test p-value ^c

0.36

0.09

0.64

0.48