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Table 1 Descriptive information (N = 21,280 a)

From: The association between social determinants of health and psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic: a secondary analysis among four racial/ethnic groups

  

All

(N = 21,280)

Non-Hispanic Whites

(n = 13,474)

Hispanics

(n = 4317)

Non-Hispanic Asians

(n = 2745)

Non-Hispanic African Americans

(n = 744)

  

N (%) or Mean (SD) b

Weighted % Or Mean b

Social Determinants of Health

Economic stability

  Employment

Unemployed

9248 (42.13)

39.83

32.04

33.44

38.87

Employed

12,701 (57.87)

60.17

67.96

66.56

61.13

  Food security

Food insecurity

1352 (6.16)

4.81

16.45

6.89

14.42

Food security but under 200% FPL

2836 (12.92)

11.05

27.57

17.48

14.18

Above 200% FPL

17,761 (80.92)

84.14

55.98

75.63

71.4

  Housing instability

Other arrangement or rent

6126 (28.54)

34.30

53.21

42.51

57.98

Own

15,339 (71.46)

65.70

49.79

57.49

42.02

Education

 Educational attainment

Below bachelor’s degree

9436 (42.99)

48.67

75.7

39.49

59.64

Bachelor’s degree or above

12,513 (57.01)

51.33

24.3

60.51

40.36

 English proficiency

Not well/not at all

797 (3.63)

0.56

16.80

17.23

0

Well/very well

5084 (23.16)

10.23

59.40

56.83

7.32

Only speak English

16,068 (73.21)

89.21

23.80

25.94

92.68

Social and community context

 Neighborhood social cohesion (Range = 3–12)

7.97 (0.97)

7.94

7.73***

7.90

7.60***

Health care access and quality

 Usual source of health care (except Emergency care)

No

2153 (9.81)

10.88

20.13

15.12

12.67

Yes

19,796 (90.19)

89.12

79.87

84.88

87.33

 Delayed medical care

No

17,988 (81.95)

81.12

85.29

84.44

86.85

Yes

3961 (18.05)

18.88

14.71

15.56

13.15

Neighborhood and built environment

 Neighborhood safety (Range = 1–4)

3.38 (0.63)

3.39

3.17***

3.18***

3.18***

Covariates

 Age

Young adults (18–44 yrs)

6462 (29.44)

36.59

58.16

49.08

35.5

Middle-aged adults (45–64 yrs)

7804 (35.56)

31.75

30.07

33.85

41.26

Older adults (65yrs and older)

7683 (35.00)

31.65

11.77

17.08

23.24

 Gender

Male

9575 (43.62)

49.4

49.63

47.38

47.10

Female

12,374 (56.38)

50.6

50.37

52.62

52.90

COVID-19 pandemic challenge (Range = 0–8)

0.79 (0.92)

0.80

1.02***

0.97***

1.09***

Risk of severe illness from COVID-19 (Range = 0–6)

1.60 (1.21)

1.58

1.44***

1.10***

1.84***

  1. a The total sample size of the study may not be the same as the total sample size of the survey due to missing values
  2. b N (%) for categorical variables and Mean (SD) for continuous variables
  3. * p < 0.05
  4. ** p < 0.01
  5. *** p < 0.001