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Table 4 Logistic regression results of the adult reported child hunger

From: Drivers of socioeconomic inequalities of child hunger during COVID-19 in South Africa: evidence from NIDS-CRAM Waves 1–5

 

Wave 1

Wave 2

Wave 3

Wave 4

Wave 5

Socio-demographic Characteristics

Odds Ratio1 [Conf. Interval]2

Standard Error

Odds Ratio

[Conf. Interval]

Standard Error

Odds Ratio [Conf. Interval]

Standard Error

Odds Ratio [Conf. Interval]

Standard Error

Odds Ratio [Conf.Interval]

Standard Error

Employment status

 Not Economically Active

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 Unemployed

1.49a [1.49 1.50]

0.003

1.74a [1.73 1.74]

0.004

1.10a [1.27 1.28]

0.001

1.27a [1.27 1.28]

0.003

0.70a [0.70 0.70]

0.002

 Employed

1.18a [1.17 1.19]

0.003

1.18a [1.18 1.19]

0.003

0.84a [0.98 0.99]

0.000

0.99a [0.98 0.99]

0.002

0.74a [0.73 0.74]

0.002

Residence status

 Rural

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 Urban

0.98a [0.98 0.99]

0.002

1.43a [1.42 1.43]

0.003

1.30a [1.28 1.31]

0.005

1.09a [1.08 1.09]

0.002

1.28a [1.28 1.29]

0.002

Race

 African/Black

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 Coloured

0.87a [0.87 0.88]

0.002

0.75a [0.74 0.75]

0.003

0.43a [0.52 0.53]

0.002

0.53a [0.53 0.53]

0.002

0.87a [0.86 0.87]

0.003

 Asian/Indian

0.28a [0.28 0.29]

0.003

0.29a [0.28 0.30]

0.003

0.55a [0.71 0.76]

0.003

0.75a [0.73 0.76]

0.008

0.20a [0.20 0.21]

0.002

 White

0.47a [0.45 0.46]

0.002

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Socio-economic Status (SES)

 Poorest

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 Poorer

0.54a [0.53 0.54]

0.001

0.76a [0.76 0.76]

0.002

1.14a [1.13 1.15]

0.005

0.37a [0.37 0.37]

0.001

0.68a [0.67 0.68]

0.001

 Middle

0.53a [0.53 0.53]

0.001

0.53a [0.53 0.53]

0.001

1.08a [1.06 1.08]

0.004

0.51a [0.51 0.51]

0.001

0.42a [0.41 0.42]

0.001

 Richer

0.52a [0.52 0.52]

0.001

0.49a [0.49 0.49]

0.001

0.51a [0.50 0.51]

0.002

0.28a [0.28 0.28]

0.001

0.21a [0.20 0.21]

0.001

 Richest

0.21a [0.21 0.21]

0.001

0.20a [0.20 0.20]

0.000

0.14a [0.13 0.14]

0.001

0.10a [0.10 0.10]

0.000

0.09a [0.09 0.10]

0.000

Dwelling Type

 House/Flat

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 Tradition/Mud

1.05a [1.04 1.05]

0.003

1.07a [1.07 1.08]

0.003

1.95a [1.93 1.96]

0.009

1.13a [1.13 1.14]

0.003

1.66a [1.65 1.66]

0.004

 Informal-Shack

1.77a [1.76 1.77]

0.003

0.61a [0.60 0.61]

0.002

3.37a [3.34 3.40]

0.014

2.17a [2.16 2.18]

0.005

2.66a [2.65 2.68]

0.006

Electricity access

 Yes

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 No

0.71a [0.70 0.71]

0.002

1.96a [1.95 1.98]

0.007

0.43a [0.42 0.43]

0.003

0.79a [0.78 0.79]

0.002

0.74a [0.73 0.74]

0.002

Piped-water access

 Yes

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 No

1.11a [1.11 1.12]

0.002

1.05a [1.05 1.06]

0.002

1.13a [1.12 1.14]

0.004

0.99a [0.99 0.99]

0.002

0.88a [0.87 0.88]

0.002

Respondent's Education Level

 No schooling

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 Primary Education

0.88a [0.87 0.89]

0.004

0.91a [0.90 0.92]

0.004

6.37a [6.16 6.59]

0.107

0.85a [0.84 0.85]

0.004

1.08a [1.07 1.09]

0.005

 Secondary Education

0.75a [0.75 0.76]

0.004

0.56a [0.56 0.57]

0.003

3.88a [3.75 4.01]

0.065

0.70a [0.70 0.71]

0.003

1.21a [1.19 1.22]

0.006

 Tertiary Education

0.60a [0.59 0.61]

0.005

0.04a [0.03 0.04]

0.001

8.91a [8.53 9.30]

0.195

0.79a [0.78 0.81]

0.007

2.11a [2.07 2.15]

0.019

Respondent's Gender

 Male

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 Female

1.18a [1.18 1.19]

0.002

1.02a [1.02 1.02]

0.002

1.43a [1.42 1.44]

0.005

0.97a [0.97 0.97]

0.002

1.17a [1.16 1.17]

0.002

Household Size

1.06a [1.06 1.06]

0.000

1.04a [1.03 1.04]

0.000

1.03a [1.02 1.03]

0.001

1.11a [1.11 1.11]

0.000

1.14a [1.13 1.14]

0.000

Respondent’s Age

1.01a [1.01 1.01]

0.000

1.01a [1.01 1.01]

0.000

1.02a [1.01 1.02]

0.000

1.01a [1.01 1.01]

0.000

0.99a [0.99 1.00]

0.000

  1. 1 a and b indicate statistical significance at the 1 and 5%, respectively
  2. 2 Confidence Interval