Table 3 Multivariable proportional odds models examining factors associated with willingness to be screened for anal cancer among men living with HIV attending HIV specialty care in 2016–2017 in the Ontario HIV Treatment Network Cohort Study (OCS) in Canada

Orientation (ref: Heterosexual)

25%

54%

21%

  Gay

7%

43%

50%

1.68

1.21

2.32

  Bisexual

12%

56%

32%

1.30

0.81

2.08

  Other men who have sex with men

13%

55%

32%

1.38

0.81

2.36

  Contrast: gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men v. heterosexual men

1.44

1.02

2.02

Race (ref: White)

8%

44%

48%

  African/Caribbean/Black

20%

57%

23%

0.70

0.48

1.00

  Asian

16%

50%

34%

0.85

0.56

1.27

  Indigenous

18%

43%

39%

0.56

0.33

0.97

  Latin American

15%

51%

34%

0.64

0.40

1.03

  Multiracial

8%

52%

40%

0.69

0.40

1.19

  Contrast:Racialized men v. white men

0.68

0.53

0.87

Age (continuous per 10 years)

1.08

0.98

1.20

Previously screened by anal cytology or anoscopy

8%

40%

52%

0.93

0.74

1.18

  ref: No

13%

50%

37%

Familiar/knows a lot about HPV

8%

40%

52%

1.05

0.83

1.32

  Ref: Unfamiliar with HPV

14%

53%

33%

Knows someone with HPV-associated cancer

6%

36%

58%

1.26

0.90

1.77

  Ref: No

12%

48%

50%

Comfortable discussing anal health with family doctor

9%

45%

46%

1.52

1.15

2.02

  Ref: Not comfortable

20%

54%

27%

Self-reported diagnosis for anogenital warts

7%

37%

56%

1.31

1.02

1.68

  Ref: No

12%

50%

38%

Number of sexual recent partners (last 3 months; ref: None)

13%

46%

41%

  One

10%

50%

40%

1.00

0.77

1.29

  Two or more

7%

40%

53%

1.38

1.02

1.85

Perceived risk for anal cancer (ref: No chance)

18%

59%

23%

  Low chance

11%

44%

45%

1.61

1.21

2.14

  Moderate

4%

43%

53%

2.11

1.45

3.08

  High

4%

37%

59%

2.21

1.19

4.10

  Certain I will get it or have it

6%

28%

66%

2.12

1.05

4.28

  Don’t know

11%

45%

44%

2.32

1.58

3.86

Beliefs regarding screening

(ordinal from reference of negative/neutral beliefs to positive to strongly positive)

Proportion willing presented for strongly positive beliefs (ref: negative/neutral)

  My doctor thinks that I should get an exam for anal cancer.

4% (12%)

13% (49%)

83% (39%)

1.29

1.04

1.60

  In general, people who are important to me would encourage me to get an exam for anal cancer.

5% (21%)

14% (50%)

81% (29%)

1.79

1.47

2.18

  I can find out where to go to get an exam for anal cancer.

5% (28%)

20% (51%)

74% (21%)

1.11

0.84

1.48

  I am confident that I could get an exam for anal cancer in the next year, if I chose to.

5% (29%)

16% (51%)

79% (20%)

2.08

1.60

2.69

  If anal pre-cancer is found, I will be offered treatment.

4% (36%)

24% (38%)

72% (26%)

1.48

1.12

1.96

  I will feel pain during the procedure

9% (14%)

21% (50%)

70% (36%)

1.20

0.98

1.48

  I have a high chance of getting unpleasant short- term side effects, like pain or bleeding, after the procedure.

6% (13%)

23% (49%)

71% (38%)

0.95

0.77

1.17