Women’s characteristics | Physical punishment (only) | Co-occurrence (both) | Physical IPV ever (only) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
aOR | CI (95%) | p-value | aOR | CI (95%) | p-value | aOR | CI (95%) | p-value | |
Age (Ref: 40–49 years) | |||||||||
 15–29 years | 1.06 | (0.87–1.31) | 0.555 | 0.69 | (0.51–0.94) | 0.018 | 1.05 | (0.76–1.44) | 0.781 |
 30–39 years | 1.07 | (0.87–1.31) | 0.536 | 0.79 | (0.61–1.02) | 0.065 | 1.18 | (0.90–1.56) | 0.236 |
Education (Ref: Post-secondary) | |||||||||
 Primary or none | 0.92 | (0.73–1.16) | 0.480 | 1.35 | (0.98–1.85) | 0.063 | 0.89 | (0.64–1.23) | 0.482 |
 Lower secondary | 0.94 | (0.73–1.20) | 0.598 | 1.52 | (1.11–2.10) | 0.010 | 1.26 | (0.87–1.83) | 0.219 |
 Upper secondary | 0.96 | (0.76–1.20) | 0.693 | 1.29 | (0.98–1.69) | 0.071 | 1.13 | (0.82–1.56) | 0.446 |
Household wealth (Ref: Richest) | |||||||||
 Poorest | 1.00 | (0.79–1.26) | 0.999 | 1.54 | (1.09–2.18) | 0.013 | 1.40 | (1.00–1.95) | 0.048 |
 Middle | 1.03 | (0.84–1.27) | 0.750 | 1.20 | (0.86–1.67) | 0.280 | 1.13 | (0.84–1.53) | 0.426 |
Urban residence (Ref: Rural) | 0.89 | (0.74–1.06) | 0.186 | 1.31 | (1.04–1.66) | 0.021 | 1.16 | (0.90–1.49) | 0.261 |
Indigenous ethnicity (Ref: No) | 0.68 | (0.55–0.83) |  < 0.001 | 0.74 | (0.56–0.99) | 0.044 | 1.08 | (0.82–1.42) | 0.570 |
Married/mother < 18 (Ref:18+) | 1.02 | (0.86–1.21) | 0.800 | 1.28 | (1.04–1.58) | 0.022 | 1.49 | (1.18–1.88) | 0.001 |
2+ children aged 1–14 (Ref: 1) | 1.39 | (1.15–1.67) | 0.001 | 1.51 | (1.23–1.86) |  < 0.001 | 0.96 | (0.78–1.20) | 0.744 |
Age youngest eligible child (Ref: 1) | |||||||||
 2–5 years | 1.51 | (1.16–1.96) | 0.002 | 1.39 | (1.04–1.87) | 0.027 | 1.29 | (0.95–1.77) | 0.107 |
 6–9 years | 1.35 | (1.04–1.74) | 0.023 | 1.14 | (0.82–1.60) | 0.429 | 1.49 | (1.07–2.09) | 0.019 |
 10–14 years | 0.98 | (0.71–1.34) | 0.885 | 0.92 | (0.63–1.34) | 0.656 | 1.58 | (1.06–2.36) | 0.024 |
Partner isolates her (Ref: No) | 0.92 | (0.72–1.16) | 0.462 | 5.72 | (4.48–7.31) |  < 0.001 | 5.03 | (4.09–6.20) |  < 0.001 |
Partner drinks to excess | Not measured | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Joint money decisions (Ref: No) | 0.83 | (0.71–0.97) | 0.021 | 0.77 | (0.64–0.93) | 0.006 | 0.65 | (0.54–0.78) |  < 0.001 |
Shared chores (Ref: No) | 0.81 | (0.67–0.97) | 0.022 | 0.70 | (0.56–0.88) | 0.002 | 0.68 | (0.55–0.85) | 0.001 |
Wife beating justified (Ref: No/DK) | 1.01 | (0.75–1.35) | 0.953 | 1.40 | (0.97–2.02) | 0.072 | 1.04 | (0.68–1.59) | 0.845 |
Physical punishment needed | Not measured | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Violence in her childhood (Ref: No) | |||||||||
 Caregiver violence only | 2.86 | (2.37–3.46) |  < 0.001 | 2.91 | (2.24–3.78) |  < 0.001 | 1.26 | (1.00–1.59) | 0.048 |
 Co-occurrence | 2.99 | (2.42–3.70) |  < 0.001 | 5.20 | (3.93–6.88) |  < 0.001 | 1.55 | (1.21–1.99) | 0.001 |
 Exposure to IPV only | 1.12 | (0.82–1.53) | 0.474 | 1.83 | (1.22–2.74) | 0.003 | 1.44 | (1.04–1.99) | 0.030 |
Violence in partner's childhood (Ref: No/DK) | |||||||||
 Caregiver violence only | 1.41 | (1.08–1.84) | 0.012 | 2.14 | (1.63–2.81) |  < 0.001 | 1.41 | (1.01–1.96) | 0.045 |
 Co-occurrence | 1.71 | (1.33–2.21) |  < 0.001 | 3.98 | (3.14–5.04) |  < 0.001 | 2.78 | (2.11–3.66) |  < 0.001 |
 Exposure to IPV only | 1.23 | (0.90–1.69) | 0.195 | 2.49 | (1.82–3.39) |  < 0.001 | 2.24 | (1.55–3.25) |  < 0.001 |