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Table 9 Full Model: Odds ratios of each pattern of violence, adjusted for all variables, Colombia

From: Correlates of co-occurring physical child punishment and physical intimate partner violence in Colombia, Mexico and Peru

Women’s characteristics

Physical punishment (only)

Co-occurrence (both)

Physical IPV ever (only)

aOR

CI (95%)

p-value

aOR

CI (95%)

p-value

aOR

CI (95%)

p-value

Age (Ref: 40–49 years)

 15–29 years

1.06

(0.87–1.31)

0.555

0.69

(0.51–0.94)

0.018

1.05

(0.76–1.44)

0.781

 30–39 years

1.07

(0.87–1.31)

0.536

0.79

(0.61–1.02)

0.065

1.18

(0.90–1.56)

0.236

Education (Ref: Post-secondary)

 Primary or none

0.92

(0.73–1.16)

0.480

1.35

(0.98–1.85)

0.063

0.89

(0.64–1.23)

0.482

 Lower secondary

0.94

(0.73–1.20)

0.598

1.52

(1.11–2.10)

0.010

1.26

(0.87–1.83)

0.219

 Upper secondary

0.96

(0.76–1.20)

0.693

1.29

(0.98–1.69)

0.071

1.13

(0.82–1.56)

0.446

Household wealth (Ref: Richest)

 Poorest

1.00

(0.79–1.26)

0.999

1.54

(1.09–2.18)

0.013

1.40

(1.00–1.95)

0.048

 Middle

1.03

(0.84–1.27)

0.750

1.20

(0.86–1.67)

0.280

1.13

(0.84–1.53)

0.426

Urban residence (Ref: Rural)

0.89

(0.74–1.06)

0.186

1.31

(1.04–1.66)

0.021

1.16

(0.90–1.49)

0.261

Indigenous ethnicity (Ref: No)

0.68

(0.55–0.83)

 < 0.001

0.74

(0.56–0.99)

0.044

1.08

(0.82–1.42)

0.570

Married/mother < 18 (Ref:18+)

1.02

(0.86–1.21)

0.800

1.28

(1.04–1.58)

0.022

1.49

(1.18–1.88)

0.001

2+ children aged 1–14 (Ref: 1)

1.39

(1.15–1.67)

0.001

1.51

(1.23–1.86)

 < 0.001

0.96

(0.78–1.20)

0.744

Age youngest eligible child (Ref: 1)

 2–5 years

1.51

(1.16–1.96)

0.002

1.39

(1.04–1.87)

0.027

1.29

(0.95–1.77)

0.107

 6–9 years

1.35

(1.04–1.74)

0.023

1.14

(0.82–1.60)

0.429

1.49

(1.07–2.09)

0.019

 10–14 years

0.98

(0.71–1.34)

0.885

0.92

(0.63–1.34)

0.656

1.58

(1.06–2.36)

0.024

Partner isolates her (Ref: No)

0.92

(0.72–1.16)

0.462

5.72

(4.48–7.31)

 < 0.001

5.03

(4.09–6.20)

 < 0.001

Partner drinks to excess

Not measured

       

Joint money decisions (Ref: No)

0.83

(0.71–0.97)

0.021

0.77

(0.64–0.93)

0.006

0.65

(0.54–0.78)

 < 0.001

Shared chores (Ref: No)

0.81

(0.67–0.97)

0.022

0.70

(0.56–0.88)

0.002

0.68

(0.55–0.85)

0.001

Wife beating justified (Ref: No/DK)

1.01

(0.75–1.35)

0.953

1.40

(0.97–2.02)

0.072

1.04

(0.68–1.59)

0.845

Physical punishment needed

Not measured

       

Violence in her childhood (Ref: No)

 Caregiver violence only

2.86

(2.37–3.46)

 < 0.001

2.91

(2.24–3.78)

 < 0.001

1.26

(1.00–1.59)

0.048

 Co-occurrence

2.99

(2.42–3.70)

 < 0.001

5.20

(3.93–6.88)

 < 0.001

1.55

(1.21–1.99)

0.001

 Exposure to IPV only

1.12

(0.82–1.53)

0.474

1.83

(1.22–2.74)

0.003

1.44

(1.04–1.99)

0.030

Violence in partner's childhood (Ref: No/DK)

 Caregiver violence only

1.41

(1.08–1.84)

0.012

2.14

(1.63–2.81)

 < 0.001

1.41

(1.01–1.96)

0.045

 Co-occurrence

1.71

(1.33–2.21)

 < 0.001

3.98

(3.14–5.04)

 < 0.001

2.78

(2.11–3.66)

 < 0.001

 Exposure to IPV only

1.23

(0.90–1.69)

0.195

2.49

(1.82–3.39)

 < 0.001

2.24

(1.55–3.25)

 < 0.001

  1. aOR adjusted odds ratios, CI Confidence interval, DK doesn't know, IPV intimate partner violence, Ref reference category; significant p-values are bolded