Table 1 Country and health system characteristics

Population Size[30]

106.6 M

17.5 M

49.6 M

Rural population[31]

53.1%

83.5%

19.2%

Population below national poverty line[32,33]

21.6%

51.5%

26.9% (2018)

Life Expectancy at birth[34]

71 years

64 years

77.1 years

Maternal Mortality Ratio[35,36]

121 (latest data - 2017)

358

83 (2017)

Total health expenditure (THE) per capita (PPP) [37]

$371.74 (latest data - 2017)

$115

$1039

Out of Pocket Expenditure (% of the population) [38]

53.05%

11.4%

16.3%

**Proportion of population spending more than 10% of household consumption or income on out-of-pocket health care expenditure (%)[39,40]

6.3% (2015)

4.2% (2016)

8.19 (2016)

*Problems in accessing healthcare (distance to health facility)

(% of women)[41,42]

20.1% (2017)

61.6% (2016)

*Problems in accessing healthcare (getting money for treatment)

(% of women) [43],[44]

50.1% (2017)

57.7% (2016)

Nurse, midwife density (per 1000 population) [45]

4.935

0.4 (2018)

1.33 (2018)

Health System

Structure

Decentralized,

Decentralized

Decentralized

Coverage

A functional national health insurance fund. 94% of the population covered.

No national health insurance but an Essential Healthcare Package delivered at 52% of public health facilities

There is a compulsory national health insurance system. This system consists of contributory and subsidized plans: salaried/independent workers are under contributory plans and subsidized plan for those unable to pay

Health Facilities

40% of health facilities are public.

35% Government hospitals accredited by PhilHealth, 65% of private hospitals accredited. [46]

58% government run health facilities (services are free at point of care)

29% health facilities run by the Christian Health Medical Association (CHAM) [47]

Commitment to UHC

National Health Insurance Act (2017-2019)

Health Sector Strategic Plan II (2017-2022)

Statutory Health Law (2015)

UCH Effective Coverage Index [48]

55

56

74