Table 1 Factors associated with adopting COVID-19 prevention measures (social distancing, difficulty obtaining a face mask, difficulty washing hands often and working remotely) by adults in West Africa (N = 5050)
Variables | Total N = 5050 | Social distancing | Difficulty obtaining a mask or face covering | Difficulty washing hands often | Work remotely | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No = 1479n (%) | Yes = 3571n (%) | p value | No = 4749n (%) | Yes = 301n (%) | p value | No = 4856n (%) | Yes = 194n (%) | p value | No = 3570n (%) | Yes = 1480n (%) | p value | ||
Age |  | Mean 35.1 (11.5) | Mean 37.7 (11.4) | < 0.001 | Mean 37.1 (11.6) | Mean 35.1 (8.8) | 0.001 | Mean 37.0 (11.5) | Mean 34.2 (10.8) | 0.001 | Mean 36.0 (11.5) | Mean 39.0 (11.0) | < 0.001 |
Gender | |||||||||||||
 Males | 2412 | 674 (45.6) | 1738 (48.7) | 0.045 | 2253 (47.4) | 159 (52.8) | 0.070 | 2308 (47.5) | 104 (53.6) | 0.096 | 1666 (46.7) | 746 (50.4) | 0.015 |
 Non-males | 2638 | 805 (54.4) | 1833 (51.3) | 2496 (52.6) | 142 (47.2) | 2548 (52.5) | 90 (46.4) | 1904 (53.3) | 734 (49.6) | ||||
Level of education | |||||||||||||
 No formal education | 53 | 38 (2.6) | 15 (0.4) | < 0.001 | 42 (0.9) | 11 (3.7) | < 0.001 | 50 (1.0) | 3 (1.5) | 0.014 | 48 (1.3) | 5 (0.3) | < 0.001 |
 Primary | 88 | 50 (3.4) | 38 (11.1) | 83 (1.7) | 5 (1.7) | 84 (1.7) | 4 (2.1) | 81 (2.3) | 7 (0.5) | ||||
 Secondary | 787 | 317 (21.4) | 470 (13.2) | 752 (15.8) | 35 (11.6) | 755 (15.5) | 32 (16.5) | 683 (19.1) | 104 (7.0) | ||||
 Tertiary | 4122 | 1074 (72.6) | 3048 (85.4) | 3872 (81.5) | 250 (83.1) | 3967 (81.7) | 155 (79.9) | 2758 (77.3) | 1364 (92.2) | ||||
Job los | |||||||||||||
 No | 4668 | 1386 (93.7) | 3282 (91.9) | 0.027 | 4388 (92.4) | 280 (93.0) | 0.691 | 4492 (92.5) | 176 (90.7) | 0.357 | 3261 (91.3) | 1407 (95.1) | < 0.001 |
 Yes | 382 | 93 (6.3) | 289 (8.1) | 361 (7.6) | 21 (7.0) | 364 (7.5) | 18 (9.3) | 309 (8.7) | 73 (4.9) | ||||
Reduced wages | |||||||||||||
 No | 3771 | 1175 (79.4) | 2596 (72.7) | < 0.001 | 3542 (74.6) | 229 (76.1) | 0.563 | 3637 (74.9) | 134 (69.1) | 0.067 | 2769 (77.6) | 1002 (67.7) | < 0.001 |
 Yes | 1279 | 304 (20.6) | 975 (27.3) | 1207 (25.4) | 72 (23.9) | 1219 (25.1) | 60 (30.9) | 801 (22.4) | 478 (32.3) | ||||
Living with others | |||||||||||||
 No | 1089 | 348 (23.5) | 741 (20.8 | 0.029 | 1015 (21.4 | 74 (24.6 | 0.189 | 1044 (21.5 | 45 (23.2 | 0.573 | 788 (22.1 | 301 (20.3) | 0.172 |
 Yes | 3961 | 1131 (76.5) | 2830 (79.2) | 3734 (78.6) | 227 (75.4) | 3812 (78.5) | 149 (76.8) | 2782 (77.9) | 1179 (79.7) | ||||
COVID-19 health risk profile | |||||||||||||
 High risk | 186 | 56 (3.8) | 130 (3.6) | 0.553 | 171 (3.6) | 15 (5.0) | 0.005 | 174 (3.6) | 12 (6.2) | 0.062 | 121 (3.4) | 65 (4.4) | 0.096 |
 Moderate risk | 679 | 187 (12.6) | 492 (13.8) | 622 (13.1) | 57 (18.9) | 647 (13.3) | 32 (16.5) | 467 (13.1) | 212 (14.3) | ||||
 Little or no risk | 4185 | 1236 (83.6) | 2949 (82.6) | 3956 (83.3) | 229 (76.1) | 4035 (83.1) | 150 (77.3) | 2982 (83.5) | 1203 (81.3) |  | |||
Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 infection | |||||||||||||
Tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 | |||||||||||||
 No | 4917 | 1438 (97.2) | 3479 (97.4) | 0.692 | 4626 (97.4) | 291 (96.7) | 0.442 | 4728 (97.4) | 189 (97.4) | 0.960 | 3475 (97.3) | 1442 (97.4) | 0.850 |
 Yes | 133 | 41 (2.8) | 92 (2.6) | 123 (2.6) | 10 (3.3) | 128 (2.6) | 5 (2.6) | 95 (2.7) | 38 (2.6) | ||||
Had COVID-19 symptoms but did not get tested | |||||||||||||
 No | 4512 | 1305 (88.2) | 3207 (89.8) | 0.100 | 4258 (89.7) | 254 (84.4) | 0.004 | 4351 (89.6) | 161 (83.0) | 0.003 | 3182 (89.1) | 1330 (89.9) | 0.442 |
 Yes | 538 | 174 (11.8) | 364 (10.2) | 491 (10.3) | 47 (15.6) | 505 (10.4) | 33 (17.0) | 388 (10.9) | 150 (10.1) | ||||
Had a close friend who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 | |||||||||||||
 No | 4192 | 1284 (86.8) | 2908 (81.4) | < 0.001 | 3967 (83.5) | 225 (74.8) | < 0.001 | 4039 (83.2) | 153 (78.9) | 0.117 | 2988 (83.7) | 1204 (81.4) | 0.043 |
 Yes | 858 | 195 (13.2) | 663 (18.6) | 782 (16.5) | 76 (25.2) | 817 (16.8) | 41 (21.1) | 582 (16.3) | 276 (18.6) | ||||
Knew someone who died from COVID-19 | |||||||||||||
 No | 3508 | 1130 (76.4) | 2378 (66.6) | < 0.001 | 3320 (69.9) | 188 (62.5) | 0.006 | 3380 (69.6) | 128 (66.0) | 0.282 | 2555 (71.6) | 953 (64.4) | < 0.001 |
 Yes | 1542 | 349 (23.6) | 1193 (33.4) | 1429 (30.1) | 113 (37.5) |  | 1476 (30.4) | 66 (34.0) | 1015 (28.4) | 527 (35.6) | |||
HIV status | |||||||||||||
 Not living with HIV | 4109 | 1119 (75.7) | 2990 (83.7) | < 0.001 | 3846 (81.0) | 263 (87.4) | 0.006 | 3940 (81.1) | 169 (87.1) | 0.036 | 2762 (77.4) | 1347 (91.0) | 0.001 |
 Living with HIV | 941 | 360 (24.3) | 581 (6.3) | 903 (19.0) | 38 (12.6) | 916 (18.9) | 25 (12.9) | 808 (22.6) | 133 (9.0) | ||||
Reported depression | |||||||||||||
 No | 4743 | 1358 (91.8) | 3385 (94.8) | < 0.001 | 4474 (94.2) | 269 (89.4) | 0.001 | 4575 (94.2) | 168 (86.6) | < 0.001 | 3341 (93.6) | 1402 (94.7) | 0.121 |
 Yes | 307 | 121 (8.2) | 186 (5.2) | 275 (5.8) | 32 (10.6) | 281 (5.8) | 26 (13.4) | 229 (6.4) | 78 (5.3) | ||||