Table 4 Ivprobit models: an estimate of air pollution on refraining from visiting health facilities

PM_2.5

0.018^c

(0.002)

Thermal inversion (instrument variable)

8.298^c

(0.133)

Sex: Male vs. Female

-0.101

(0.202)

0.046

(0.031)

Age (Years): ≤20

1

1

 21–40

-0.681

(0.576)

-0.129

(0.083)

 41–60

-0.730

(0.604)

-0.147^a

(0.088)

 > 60

-1.175

(0.758)

-0.187

(0.115)

Education: None

1

1

 Primary school

0.011

(0.517)

-0.144^a

(0.081)

 Middle school

0.467

(0.510)

-0.123

(0.079)

 High school or above

1.391^c

(0.532)

-0.046

(0.083)

Distance of migration: Inter-provincial

1

1

 Inter-municipal

0.650^c

(0.230)

-0.045

(0.035)

 Inter-county

1.332^c

(0.273)

-0.085^b

(0.043)

Basic medical insurance: Yes vs. No

2.533^c

(0.347)

-0.007

(0.054)

Annual household income (Yuan): ≤10,000

1

1

 10,001–20,000

-1.130^c

(0.353)

-0.123^b

(0.055)

 20,001–30,000

-1.476^c

(0.376)

-0.040

(0.058)

 30,001–40,000

-1.069^b

(0.424)

-0.049

(0.065)

 > 40,000

-0.381

(0.420)

-0.005

(0.064)

Weekly work hours

-0.597^c

(0.209)

0.066^b

(0.032)

Walking distance to nearest health facility (Minutes)

-0.316

(0.267)

0.039

(0.041)

Sense of local belonging: Yes vs. No

-0.643^c

(0.229)

-0.082^b

(0.035)

Attending community health education over the past year: Yes vs. No

0.347

(0.213)

-0.142^c

(0.032)

Self-rated health: Good vs. Poor

0.559

(0.376)

0.171^c

(0.062)

Hypertension/Diabetes: Yes vs. No

-0.403

(0.366)

-0.169^c

(0.060)

Constant

31.150^c

(0.905)

-1.447^c

(0.161)

First-stage F statistic

200.09

Wald test for endogeneity

26.68^c