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Table 1 Characteristics of study population by study arm

From: School water, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) intervention to improve malnutrition, dehydration, health literacy, and handwashing: a cluster-randomised controlled trial in Metro Manila, Philippines

Ā 

Control

Low-intensity health education

Medium-intensity health education

High-intensity health education

Total

Characteristics

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

Cluster level (Nā€‰=ā€‰3)

Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā 

Number of schools

2 (13.3)

2 (13.3)

7 (46.7)

4 (26.7)

15 (100)

Number of children

78 (10.3)

116 (15.3)

356 (47.1)

206 (27.2)

756 (100)

Grade range

5, 6

5, 6

5, 6, 7, 10

5, 6, 7

5, 6, 7, 10

Schoolā€™s age (in years)*, mean (SD)

69.5 (40.3)

34 (15.6)

40.6 (23.1)

51.3 (23)

46.4 (24.5)

Schoolā€™s annual enrolment*, mean (SD)

2126.5 (1266.4)

6017.5 (3165.7)

4032.1 (2552.2)

4389.8 (2910)

4138.1 (2557.9)

Schoolā€™s annual MOOE budget (in millions PhP)*, mean (SD)

1.2 (0.9)

3 (1.5)

4 (3.6)

3 (2.2)

3.2 (2.8)

Schoolā€™s student-to-classroom ratio*, mean (SD)

29 : 1 (12.1)

104 : 1 (19.8)

74 : 1 (18.3)

64.2 : 1 (10.8)

69.4 : 1 (25.1)

School water supply contaminated with coliform (Nā€‰=ā€‰17)

0

2 (50)

2 (28.6)

3 (100)

7 (41.1)

School water supply contaminated with E.coli (Nā€‰=ā€‰20)

1 (25)

0

1 (12.5)

1 (25)

3 (15)

Individual level (Nā€‰=ā€‰756)

Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā 

Female

48 (61.5)

71 (61.2)

198 (55.6)

125 (60.7)

442 (58.5)

Child (ageā€‰<ā€‰13 years)

75 (96.2)

115 (99.1)

261 (73.3)

194 (94.2)

645 (85.3)

Household factors (Nā€‰=ā€‰828)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

Demographic and caregiverā€™s characteristics

Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā 

Number of adults in home, median (IQR)

3 (2ā€“4)

3 (2ā€“5)

3 (2ā€“5)

4 (2ā€“6.5)

3 (0ā€“20)

Number of children in home, median (IQR)

3 (2ā€“3)

2 (2ā€“3)

2 (2ā€“4)

3 (2ā€“4)

3 (1ā€“16)

Highest level of education completed by parent/caregiver

Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā 

Secondary school and below

17 (20)

48 (42.1)

180 (46.3)

109 (47)

357 (43.1)

Above secondary school

68 (80)

66 (57.9)

209 (53.7)

122 (52.6)

470 (56.8)

Socioeconomic characteristics (Nā€‰=ā€‰828)

Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā 

Socioeconomic status (SES)

Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā 

High

22 (25.9)

1 (0.9)

5 (1.3)

3 (1.3)

31 (3.7)

Middle

58 (68.2)

91 (79.8)

268 (68.9)

161 (69.4)

584 (70.5)

Low

5 (5.9)

22 (19.3)

116 (29.8)

68 (29.3)

213 (25.7)

No refrigerator

8 (9.4)

21 (18.4)

118 (30.3)

74 (31.9)

223 (26.9)

Transportation to school (most common)

Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā 

Public

22 (25.9)

2 (1.8)

101 (26)

41 (17.7)

173 (20.9)

Bicycle/pedicab

2 (2.4)

13 (11.4)

26 (6.7)

17 (7.3)

58 (7)

Bus

1 (1.2)

0

2 (0.5)

2 (0.9)

5 (0.6)

Car

26 (30.6)

1 (0.9)

8 (2.1)

6 (2.6)

41 (5)

Jeep

21 (24.7)

2 (1.8)

99 (25.4)

39 (16.8)

168 (20.3)

Tricycle/scooter/motorcycle

16 (18.8)

63 (55.3)

130 (33.4)

67 (28.9)

276 (33.3)

Walk

19 (22.4)

35 (30.7)

124 (31.9)

101 (43.5)

280 (33.8)

Food insecurity factors (Nā€‰=ā€‰828)

Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā 

Food security

Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā 

High

48 (56.5)

67 (58.8)

237 (60.9)

127 (54.7)

485 (58.6)

Medium

37 (43.5)

45 (39.5)

146 (37.5)

99 (42.7)

329 (39.7)

Low

0

2 (1.8)

6 (1.5)

6 (2.6)

14 (1.7)

WaSH-related factors (Nā€‰=ā€‰828)

Ā Ā Ā Ā Ā 

Home has no restroom

1 (1.2)

0

7 (1.8)

4 (1.7)

12 (1.4)

Home restroom is shared with another family

14 (16.5)

7 (6.1)

41 (10.5)

32 (13.8)

95 (11.5)

Home restroom is located outside of home

4 (4.7)

4 (3.5)

32 (8.2)

23 (9.9)

63 (7.6)

Home restroom has no toilet

1 (1.2)

0

17 (4.4)

12 (5.2)

30 (3.6)

Home has no handwashing area

1 (1.2)

4 (3.5)

26 (6.7)

16 (6.9)

47 (5.7)

Home has no faucet with running water

0

6 (5.3)

37 (9.5)

21 (9.1)

64 (7.7)

Home water supply contaminated with coliform (Nā€‰=ā€‰14)

0

2 (50)

0

4 (100)

6 (42.9)

Home water supply contaminated with E.coli (Nā€‰=ā€‰14)

1 (50)

2 (50)

0

1 (25)

4 (28.6)

  1. IQRā€‰=ā€‰interquartile range. MOOEā€‰=ā€‰maintenance and other operating expenses. PhPā€‰=ā€‰Philippine Peso. SESā€‰=ā€‰socioeconomic status. SYā€‰=ā€‰school year. WaSHā€‰=ā€‰water, sanitation, and hygiene. Percentages were calculated from smaller denominators than those shown at the top of the table for all variables because of missing values
  2. *Mean age of schoolā€‰=ā€‰date of our first visit (30 March 2017) subtracted from schoolā€™s date of operation. Mean annual enrolment during SY 2017ā€“2018. Mean MOOE budget during fiscal year 2017. Mean classroom-to-student ratioā€‰=ā€‰enrolment from SY 2016ā€“2017 divided by the number of classrooms in 2016. Data source: Philippines Department of Education