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Table 2 Factors most strongly associated with national 4-year total population pregnancy-related mortality ratio per 100,000 live births (2015–2018). Correlations are with respect to the relevant PRM ratio variable

From: The public health exposome and pregnancy-related mortality in the United States: a high-dimensional computational analysis

Variable Description

Correlation

Years of potential life lost before age 75 per 100,000 population (age-adjusted)

0.254

Average number of years a person can expect to live

-0.249

Percentage of adults who are current smokers

0.246

Percent of population living in poverty, 2016

0.241

Percentage of adults aged 20 and over reporting no leisure-time physical activity

0.237

Percentage of population who lack adequate access to food

0.232

Percent Persons in Poverty, 2015

0.231

Sum of series for Socioeconomic themea

0.229

Index of factors that contribute to a healthy food environment, from 0 (worst) to 10 (best)

-0.228

Births unmarried non-Hispanic women

0.220

Median Household Income, 2016

-0.219

Percentage of adults reporting 14 or more days of poor physical health per month

0.211

Birth Rates, ages 15–19, 2014

0.201

Percentile Percentage of persons with no high school diploma(age 25 +) estimate

0.200

Sum of series for Household Composition themeb

0.196

Percentage of children that live in a household headed by single parent

0.193

Number of extreme heat days: Heat Index, 105°F

0.192

Percent Living in Poverty, 2015

0.192

Percentage of adults who report fewer than 7 h of sleep on average

0.192

Birth Rates, 2018–2019, 2014

0.190

Percentage of population that is non-Hispanic Black or African American

0.189

Percentile percentage of civilian noninstitutionalized population with a disability estimate

0.187

Average gross household contribution towards rent per month (includes payment toward rent and utilities) (Excludes zero values and missing values) for Program 3 = Housing Choice Vouchers, 2017

-0.186

Percentage of households that have income in the bracket of $20,000 or more yearly for Program 5 = Project Based Sect. 8 = 202/PRAC, 2018

-0.185

Average number of mentally unhealthy days reported in past 30 days (age-adjusted)

0.185

Percentage of adults aged 20 and above with diagnosed diabetes

0.184

Percentage of adults ages 25–44 with some post-secondary education

-0.184

Free school lunch eligibility (percent)

0.184

Per Capita Personal Income, 2016

-0.182

Average gross household contribution towards rent per month (includes payment toward rent and utilities) (Excludes zero values and missing values) for Program 5 = Project Based Sect. 8 = 202/PRAC, 2017

-0.181

Median Household Income dollar, 2015

-0.180

Percentage of households that have income in the bracket of $20,000 or more yearly for Program 5 = Project Based Sect. 8 = 202/PRAC, 2017

-0.179

Percentage of the adult population (age 20 and older) that reports a body mass index (BMI) greater than or equal to 30 kg/m2

0.179

Percentage of households that have income in the bracket of $5000-$9999 yearly for Program 2 = Public Housing, 2017

0.179

National School Lunch Program participants (% pop), 2014

0.178

Percent of population without health insurance

0.178

Percentage of households that have income in the bracket of $5000-$9999 yearly for Program 1 = Summary of All HUD Programs, 2018

0.177

Percentage of children enrolled in public schools that are eligible for free or reduced price lunch

0.176

% of the population below poverty level in the census tract where HUD assisted families reside (Census 2010 designation) for Program 3 = Housing Choice Vouchers, 2018

0.175

Percentage of households that have income in the bracket of $5000-$9999 yearly for Program 2 = Public Housing, 2015

0.175

Number of deaths due to firearms per 100,000 population

0.174

Percentage of households that have income in the bracket of $20,000 or more yearly for Program 5 = Project Based Sect. 8 = 202/PRAC, 2016

-0.170

Number of extreme heat days: Heat Index, 95°F

0.169

Percentage of households that have income in the bracket of $20,000 or more yearly for Program 5 = Project Based Sect. 8 = 202/PRAC, 2014

-0.168

Percentage of adults reporting binge or heavy drinking

-0.168

Percentage of households that have income in the bracket of $5000-$9999 yearly for Program 1 = Summary of All HUD Programs, 2015

0.167

School Breakfast Program participants (% pop), 2014a

0.166

Percentage of households that have income in the bracket of $5000-$9999 yearly for Program 2 = Public Housing, 2016

0.166

Percentage of households in which the race of the head of household is Black and the ethnicity is not Hispanic for Program 1 = Summary of All HUD Programs, 2018

0.165

Number of extreme heat events: Heat Index, 95°F, 3 days minimum

0.164

Average gross household contribution towards rent per month (includes payment toward rent and utilities) (Excludes zero values and missing values) for Program 2 = Public Housing, 2014

-0.164

Rate of HIV infection among MSM, 2018

0.163

Percent with a High School Education, 2014

-0.163

Percentages of households headed by female for Program 3 = Housing Choice Vouchers, 2015

0.161

Age-adjusted rate of death from Heart Attack among persons 35 and older per 100,000 population

0.160

Ratio of household income at the 80th percentile to income at the 20th percentile

0.159

Average total household income per year for Program 3 = Housing Choice Vouchers, 2016

-0.159

Percentage of households that have income in the bracket of $5000-$9999 yearly for Program 2 = Public Housing, 2014

0.159

Percentage of households in which the older of the household head or spouse is 24 or less years of age for Program 1 = Summary of All HUD Programs, 2016

0.158

Age-adjusted rate of death from Heart Attack among persons 35 and older per 100,000 population

0.158

Birth Rates among white women aged 40–54

-0.157

Percentage of households that have income in the bracket of $20,000 or more yearly for Program 5 = Project Based Sect. 8 = 202/PRAC, 2015

-0.157

Percentage of households that have income in the bracket of $5000-$9999 yearly for Program 3 = Housing Choice Vouchers, 2016

0.156

Percentage of households that have income in the bracket of $20,000 or more yearly for Program 1 = Summary of All HUD Programs, 2017

-0.156

Average gross household contribution towards rent per month (includes payment toward rent and utilities) (Excludes zero values and missing values) for Program 3 = Housing Choice Vouchers, 2015

-0.156

Number of extreme heat events: Heat Index, 100°F, 3 days minimum

0.156

Standardized Per Capita Medicare Cost, 2014

0.155

Average gross household contribution towards rent per month (includes payment toward rent and utilities) (Excludes zero values and missing values) for Program 2 = Public Housing, 2017

-0.155

Percent of mobile-home housing units

0.155

Number of newly diagnosed chlamydia cases per 100,000 population

0.154

Percentile percentage of single parent households with children under 18

0.153

Percentage of households that have income which comes in the bracket of $1-$4999 yearly for Program 5 = Project Based Sect. 8 = 202/PRAC, 2018

0.153

Flag—the percentage of single parent households is in the 90th percentile (1 = yes,0 = no)

0.153

Average gross household contribution towards rent per month (includes payment toward rent and utilities) (Excludes zero values and missing values) for Program 2 = Public Housing, 2016

-0.152

Percentage of households that have income in the bracket of $20,000 or more yearly for Program 3 = Housing Choice Vouchers, 2018

-0.152

Percentage of population with adequate access to locations for physical activity

-0.151

Preventable Hospital Stays Rate, 2015

0.151

Average total household income per year for Program 1 = Summary of All HUD Programs, 2017

-0.151

Average gross household contribution towards rent per month (includes payment toward rent and utilities) (Excludes zero values and missing values) for Program 2 = Public Housing, 2015

-0.150

Rate of hospital stays for ambulatory-care sensitive conditions per 100,000 Medicare enrollees

0.150

Percentages of households headed by female for Program 1 = Summary of All HUD Programs, 2016

0.150

  1. HUD Housing and Urban Development, PRAC Project Rental Assistance Contract, MSM men who have sex with men
  2. ssocioeconomic theme: below poverty, unemployed, income, no high school diploma
  3. bhousehold composition theme: aged 65 + , aged < 18, civilian with a disability, single-parent household