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Table 4 Characteristics associated with food insecurity in multivariate analysis

From: Prevalence and factors associated with food insecurity in eight high-altitude cities in Peru during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic: a retrospective, cross-sectional study

Characteristics

Food insecurity

Simple regression

Multiple regression

PR

95% CI

p*

PR

95% CI

p*

Sex

 Male

Ref

  

Ref

  

 Female

1.17

1.02- 1.35

0.020

1.06

0.94- 1.19

0.280

Adult/Older adult

 No

Ref

     

 Yes

0.90

0.71- 1.14

0.395

   

Education level

 Others

Ref

  

Ref

  

 Incomplete higher education/course

1.06

0.92- 1.21

0.394

1.02

0.91- 1.16

0.644

 Complete higher education/postgraduate

0.84

0.72- 0.98

0.029

0.84

0.68- 1.04

0.122

Currently working

 No

Ref

     

 Yes

0.76

0.62- 0.94

0.011

   

Religion

 No

Ref

     

 Yes

0.91

0.74- 1.12

0.416

   

Previous comorbidity

 No

Ref

  

Ref

  

 Yes

1.21

1.14- 1.29

 < 0.001

1.03

0.92- 1.15

0.562

COVID-19 diagnosis

 No

Ref

     

 Yes

1.17

0.82- 1.68

0.377

   

Time at home

 13–24 h

Ref

     

 7–12 h

0.97

0.88- 1.06

0.532

   

 1–6 h

1.20

0.78- 1.83

0.393

   

Health perception

 Very good

Ref

  

Ref

  

 Good

1.54

1.13- 2.10

0.006

1.31

0.95- 1.80

0.096

 Fair

2.10

1.76- 2.50

 < 0.000

1.60

1.23- 2.07

 < 0.001

 Bad

1.91

1.09- 3.37

0.024

1.26

0.71- 2.22

0.417

 Very bad

4.47

3.81- 5.25

 < 0.000

4.06

2.63- 6.26

 < 0.001

Isolation measures

 Yes

Ref

     

 No

1.01

0.90- 1.14

0.759

   

Pandemic severity

 Neutral

Ref

     

 Very serious/serious

1.04

0.88- 1.23

0.598

   

 Overestimated/Really overestimated

1.23

0.74- 2.05

0.418

   

Degree of confidence in the government to manage the pandemic

 Neutral

Ref

     

 Much trust/some trust

0.80

0.62- 1.02

0.078

   

 Some distrust/distrust

1.07

0.86- 1.33

0.497

   

Previous mental health disorder

 No

Ref

  

Ref

  

 Yes

1.46

1.13- 1.90

0.004

1.02

0.80- 1.31

0.819

Family member with COVID-19

 No

Ref

  

Ref

  

 Yes

1.14

1.00- 1.30

0.040

1.06

0.95- 1.17

0.253

Family member deceased due to COVID-19

 No

Ref

     

 Yes

1.16

0.95- 1.42

0.124

   

Search for mental health support

 No

Ref

  

Ref

  

 Yes

1.49

1.23- 1.82

 < 0.001

1.42

1.25- 1.62

 < 0.001

Loss of employment

 Did not work

Ref

  

Ref

  

 Did not lose their job

0.87

0.70- 1.07

0.205

1.10

0.89- 1.34

0.359

 Lost their job

1.71

1.49- 1.96

 < 0.001

1.82

1.62- 2.04

 < 0.001

Anxiety symptoms

 No

Ref

     

 Mild

1.39

1.03- 1.86

0.026

   

 Moderate

1.92

1.36- 2.70

 < 0.000

   

 Severe

1.77

1.27- 2.46

0.001

   

Depressive symptoms

 Minimum

Ref

  

Ref

  

 Mild

1.45

1.06- 1.99

0.018

1.24

0.91- 1–69

0.167

 Moderate

1.71

1.57- 1.86

 < 0.000

1.52

1.26- 1.83

 < 0.001

 Moderate to severe

2.15

1.81- 2.56

 < 0.000

1.58

1.11- 2.27

0.011

 Severe

1.85

1.40- 2.44

 < 0.000

1.16

0.63- 2.07

0.603

Post-traumatic stress disorder

 No

Ref

  

Ref

  

 Yes

1.60

1.32- 1.95

 < 0.000

1.10

0.86- 1.40

0.417

Insomnia

1.04

1.03- 1.05

 < 0.001

   

Hypersomnia

1.06

1.04- 1.08

 < 0.001

   

Resilience

0.99

0.99- 1.00

0.215

   
  1. *P-values obtained with generalized linear models using Poisson distribution, log-link function, robust variance, and places of residence as clusters