Table 6 Categorisation of studies that made adaptations for cultural context of participants

No evidence in method that design was adapted for participants’ cultural context

n/a

72 (72.7)

Process or protocol designed to accommodate participants’ cultural context

Translation, back-translation, and retranslation into Spanish [64];

Survey administered in English or Arabic dependent on participant preference [50];

Providing guidance in local language (Urdu) to convey exact meaning of questions [45]

8 (8.4)

Measure acknowledged as adapted or intended for cultural context (designed or validated)

Validated Chinese version of the DASS-21 [58];

Validated in Arab population [33];

Hare Area Specific Self-Esteem Scale developed specifically for African American adolescents [65];

Australia DASS-21 validated in both clinical and nonclinical samples [66]

6 (6.1)

Self-evident in name or description that measure is intended for cultural context

Korean version of the Coping Style Questionnaire [67];

Arabic version of DASS-42 [51];

Japanese Perceived Stress Scale [46];

Brazilian Portuguese version of the PSS [38]

13 (13.7)